by Dreams End » Sat Dec 03, 2005 7:08 pm
This thread is all over the place...but I'll toss this in. <br><br>First off, I'd be curious as to what test was used for this study. Since I work with a lot of kids who have various learning disabilities, we look at "IQ" tests but it comes in sections (usually the Wechsler). When the sections match up in score you can make a statement about "IQ" but sometimes the sections have discrepancies. A skilled teacher can use this information to help the student. An unskilled or biased sociologist would draw erroneous conclusions in attempting to compare the overall score to those of other students.<br><br>There's also simply enough cultural bias to explain both the "smart" Jews, and the "less intelligent" blacks. How about a question that wants you to match, say, a "cup" to a "saucer". May not seem class biased to you, (especially if you are English) but that's actually something beyond many young people's experience. Also, if they aren't from a literate home, the general fund of knowledge can be so low that even pictures of certain animals, for example, might not be as familiar, despite being obvious to most. (I'm just thinking of examples I've seen.)<br><br>Here is a description of the verbal section of a common IQ test, the Wechsler:<br><br><!--EZCODE QUOTE START--><blockquote><strong><em>Quote:</em></strong><hr>Verbal scales:<br><br>Information: Similar to "Trivial Pursuit," this subtest measures fund of factual information. It is strongly influenced by culture. An American education and intact long-term memory will contribute to a higher score. Sample question (not really on the tests): "What is the capital of France?"<br><br>Comprehension: This subtest measures understanding of social conventions and common sense. It is also culturally loaded. Sample question: "What is the thing to do if you find an injured person laying on the sidewalk?"<br><br>Digit Span: Requires the repetition of number strings forward and backwards. Measures concentration, attention, and immediate memory. Lower scores are obtained by persons with an attention deficit or anxiety.<br><br>Similarities: This subtest measures verbal abstract reasoning and conceptualization abilities. The individual is asked how two things are alike. Sample question: "How are a snake and an alligator alike?"<br><br>Vocabulary: This test measures receptive and expressive vocabulary. It is the best overall measure of general intelligence (assuming the test-taker's native language is English). Sample question: "What is the meaning of the word 'articulate'?"<br><br>Arithmetic: Consists of mathematical word problems which are performed mentally. Measures attention, concentration, and numeric reasoning. Sample question: "John bought three books for five dollars each, and paid ten percent sales tax. How much did he pay all together?"<br><br><!--EZCODE AUTOLINK START--><a href="http://www.psychologicaltesting.com/iqtest.htm">www.psychologicaltesting.com/iqtest.htm</a><!--EZCODE AUTOLINK END--><hr></blockquote><!--EZCODE QUOTE END--><br><br>It's quite apparent where the bias would be in favor of a child with a wide variety of experiences in a literate household which has focused on providing educational opportunities for their children. Obviously, questions about geography, vocabulary and even animals would be biased in the sense that pure intelligence cannot be separated from cultural experience. And as for, "What do you do when you see someone lying on a sidewalk?". Depends on where you live, I imagine. In a violent or war-torn neighborhood, a proper answer might be to run. <br><br>Another bias, dear to my own heart, is the "digit span" and many of the sections in the other section (called "performance" and including more abstract, symbolic work that theoretically should be divorced from cultural knowledge.) If you are ADD and asked to remember a bunch of numbers and repeat them back, you may not do too well. <br><br>I used to do a lot of test prep coaching, such as for the SAT, which was originally adapted from an army intelligence test. We had a standard spiel about cultural bias. For example, what sports are most popular in the US? Answers would be football, basketball, baseball. What sports show up on the SAT the most? Golf, tennis, etc. I kid you not, I saw an actual SAT with a question about a regatta! <br><br>Or you'd get Northeast biased questions (the test is made in Princeton, New Jersey), such as the analogy (a section no longer on the SAT, thankfully) "brownstone<!--EZCODE EMOTICON START :b --><img src=http://www.ezboard.com/images/emoticons/tongue.gif ALT=":b"><!--EZCODE EMOTICON END--> uilding". Not too many southerners got that one right. And that too was from a real SAT.<br><br>One of my favorite stories was actually taken from a book that was an expose on the SAT, . Basically, one section of the test is always experimental, designed to determine the difficulty level of various questions. A question that very few get right would be hard one, etc. But it's not JUST difficulty they are testing. They want to see that, of the few who get the hard ones right, they are the SAME few who got the OTHER hard ones right. The idea is that, by whatever method, you have to make sure there scores are distributed on a bellcurve and that very few score too high, or the test can't pretend to measure whatever the hell it thinks it measures.<br><br>Anyway, there was one analogy that started "low:cow". The high scoring, suburban, New England kids by and large missed it. Who got it right? Farm kids! But they were the wrong ones who are supposed to get the hard ones...so they chucked the question. ("low" is the verb that means the same as "moo").<br><br>The other fun fact is that girls score lower than boys on average on the SAT, but tend to actually OUTPERFORM boys during the first year of college. So whatever the SAT is said to predict...it doesn't. This probably has something to do with the "forced choice" system of answering. For reasons that may be more cultural than genetic, boys tend to do better at multiple choice type questions and girls at more open ended questions. There is a very definite skill in taking multiple choice tests that involves how to handle questions for which you aren't sure of the answers. It requires a certain aggressiveness to eliminate, pick from the remaining, and then QUICKLY move on. I've known students (boys actually, but with some learning difficulties) who do worse on multiple choice tests than open answer tests, even if it's the exact same questions. They don't question themselves if there are no competing answers. However, should they look at a variety of answers, they lose confidence in their own. Or, sometimes the opposite happens, and they pick an answer before finishing the problem because they see one that matches where they are in the problem at that moment. (Common "distractor" answers for math questions include numbers that match numbers in the actual problem and numbers that are reached HALFWAY THROUGH working out the solution.)<br><br>Here's an example. If there were a math problem I had no idea about, and had the following answer choices: 3, 5, -5, 7, 9, I would, if no other answer suggested itself, choose 5 or -5, on the theory that a common error on the problem would be to get the sign wrong, so probably 5 or -5 is a "distractor" answer and the other one is probably correct.<br><br>A final interesting fact is that, on the hardest questions, fewer students get them right than would if they randomly guessed. That is, you have a 20% chance of getting a question right by guessing, but 12 - 15% get the hardest ones right. This shows they know how to trick the unwary!<br><br>There are also many types of intelligence. One type that typically favors males (but left this male WAAAAAY behind) is the mental manipulation of shapes. Boys do much better at being able to tell which shape is the same as another shape, only flipped around and rotated. Despite being male, I suck at this (I can talk my way through the answer but I can't "see" it, and talking through it takes lots of time.). <br><br>Another male/female example would be that, on average, males can follow maps better than females (probably evolved from the inability to ask for directions!). However, females are far more likely to recall landmarks along the way. (This is based on a study I heard about...not just stereotypes).<br><br>Other factors affect testing as well, such as emotional state, nutritional adequacy, generall stress levels and, interestingly, expectations of the tester. It's not too hard for kids to pick up subtle and even not so subtle cues about how they are expected to perform (a good test giver will know how to avoid that.)<br><br>Overall, tests like the Wechsler can be very good at pinpointing weaknesses, but not in explaining where those weaknesses originate. A good summary report will often bring up cultural background as one possible explanation for shortcomings on certain sections. So the test can help teachers and others provide assistance to the student.<br><br>But the Wechsler and other IQ tests are not particularly helpful for comparison purposes. Sure, someone at 150 will be clearly more intelligent than someone at 75. I researched the study and their claim is that Ashkenazim have an average of 12 - 15 points above the mean of 100. <br><br>However, if we accept that there are a higher proportion of Jews in intellectual professions, then which comes first, the intelligence (courtesy of the genes for Tay-Sachs disease, say the studies authors) or the cultural background of having parents already who have intellect-based careers and expect the same from their children? In some communities, the expectation might be to work on the farm, or the local factory, or sports. And some communities have far fewer educational opportunities for kids, chances for pre-first enrichment programs, etc. etc. etc.<br><br>I think we need to question such studies because, despite saying nice things about one minority group, it suggests we ought to give credence to similar studies that say not so nice things about others...a la "The Bell Curve."<br><br>And now I get to tell my favorite "intelligence" stories, stories I offer to students all the time, to indicate that "intelligence" comes in MANY flavors.<br><br>Growing up, one of my best friends (who was Jewish, actually) was brilliant, particularly in math. I think he was taking college classes in math during his sophomore year or something. We both attended an elite private school...my mother had been a secretary there. As a side note, I don't think most of the Jewish kids (and there weren't too many, as Nashville "old money" still tended to look down on Jews...another private school was more welcoming) were actually in the honors classes. In any event, he was considered a genius.<br><br>One day, I came over to the house of my friend, the "genius" and there was a big fuss and smoke all over the place. His mother had asked him to clean out a recently used fireplace. And he did. With a vacuum cleaner, which promptly caught fire!<br><br>Another time we were working on this incredible "computer" he designed for a math project. Using a series of lightbulbs and relay switches, he'd come up with a design for a calculator that could add up to 14. Not bad for an eighth-grader!<br><br>We were soldering on some pieces and the soldering iron was plugged into an extension cord with a bit of the metal prongs still showing. My genius buddy decided to lay a metal wire across the prongs. Green sparks flew everywhere and the electricity was blown out for half the house.<br><br>Yes, surely different types of intelligence. I'm also reminded of this anytime I need a skilled repairmen or carpenter. I just watch in awe as intractable problems for me are simply and easily solved. I can't know for sure that these fine handy men and women don't have high IQ's, but I suspect, from normal testing, they probably do not. <br><br><br><br><br><br><br><br><br><br><br><br><br> <p></p><i></i>