by Qutb » Mon Oct 31, 2005 5:19 pm
The <!--EZCODE LINK START--><a href="http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/wtc/letters.html" target="top">letters</a><!--EZCODE LINK END--> section of the Nova site is also interesting. Regarding the "angle clips":<br><!--EZCODE QUOTE START--><blockquote><strong><em>Quote:</em></strong><hr>Thanks for a great program. I was very interested in the analysis of the connection between the trusses and the columns and the bolt sizes used, and I have a follow-up question for Dr. Eagar or one of the people on the program. From the beginning, I noticed one thing I have not yet seen addressed: There is no bending or damage evident at the connections between the three-story high columns and the ones above which rest on them. I am referring to the four holes visible in the horizontal plate forming the base of each column in the groups of three.<br><br>If these columns had been fully welded to the one above, or used significantly stronger bolts, would the outside columns been more able to resist the penetration of the plane, and would they also have not "unzipped" as fast during the collapse? I expected to see some distortion or damage to the holes if the connection had been as strong as the column itself, which appears to have enormous resistance to shear and bending. Instead, these preassemblies of columns appeared to be almost intact when found, at least with regard to bending away from vertical. The bases and holes look intact. Could they also have used relatively weak bolts? I assume bolts were used since there are openings in each column just above the top and bottom of the column, maybe to allow wrenches.<br><br>Anonymous<br><br><br><!--EZCODE BOLD START--><strong>Dr. Eagar responds:</strong><!--EZCODE BOLD END--><br><br>This is a very perceptive question. One of my faculty colleagues pointed this out to me a few days after Sept. 11. It turns out that the connection between the column sections was only tack welded; well, maybe a bit bigger than a tack weld, but they were not continuously welded. These joints are in compression, so the weld is not load-bearing—unless the floor joist connections give way, which is what happened during the fire. The welds were only needed to hold the pieces together during steel erection. In service these welds were not really needed.<br><br>It is true that a continuously welded piece of structural steel should bend before it breaks. The column sections were not continuously welded, so they did not have the weld strength to bend the steel before the partial welds broke. That is why you do not see the sections twisted and distorted as much as if they had been welded. <br><br>Does this mean the building was defectively designed? I do not think so, because once continuous welds started to bend, the building would have been done for anyway. Even with the weaker partial welds, the primary loads in the columns were still compressive, and the distortions that popped these partial welds represented a building in a serious state of distress. Maybe the buliding might have survived a few more minutes with continuous welds, but there is no reason to conclude that the building would have withstood the entire fire without collapse if continuous welds had been present.<hr></blockquote><!--EZCODE QUOTE END--><br>Regarding a similar collapse in 1967:<br><!--EZCODE QUOTE START--><blockquote><strong><em>Quote:</em></strong><hr>Regarding the comment that this was the first failure of a modern steel building due to fire, see my letter to the San Jose Mercury News below: <br><br>In view of the report issued on the collapse of the World Trade Center, I think a lot can be learned from an earlier disaster. In 1967, the largest convention center in the U.S., Chicago's McCormick Place, collapsed. The cause was a relatively small fire that started on the convention floor. The heat generated from the fire caused thermal distortions of the steel structure, which led to huge thermal stresses in the support and roof trusses. This was due to the non-uniform expansion of the beams and their rigid connections. The entire building was pulled down, internally, by these forces. As a result of a study of the collapse, many changes were made to the design and materials used in convention centers built since that time.<br><br>Larry Cooper, D.Sc.<br>San Jose, California<br><br>[The 1967 collapse was also mentioned in the Walls & Ceilings article]<br><hr></blockquote><!--EZCODE QUOTE END--><br>Regarding WTC7:<br><!--EZCODE QUOTE START--><blockquote><strong><em>Quote:</em></strong><hr> <br>Ever since analyses of the collapse of the twin towers began to appear, I have been troubled by the omission of a most relevant piece of evidence. Dr. Eagar alludes to it in his first sentence but never follows up. My problem is: If the towers came down as a result of the crash-related structural damage, obliteration of fireproofing, and burning fuel, then why did the 47-story Building 7, which was not hit, also fall some hours later? It apparently failed as the result of a common fire. Now that is scary, because it suggests that all tall buildings are likewise vulnerable. Will someone please explain that?<br><br>Bill Denton<br>Mempis, Tennessee<br><br><br><!--EZCODE BOLD START--><strong>Dr. Eagar responds:</strong><!--EZCODE BOLD END--><br><br>I was also curious about Building 7 when it was described to me. I told the person who described it that there must have been another source of fuel in that building. It turns out there was. Building 7 contained the New York City Emergency Management Control Station, and as a result, it had three tanks of diesel fuel holding tens of thousands of gallons to run their emergency electric generators. What we learn from this is not to store tens of thousands of gallons of fuel in high-rise buildings. Fortunately, most high-rises do not have such huge fuel storage facilities.<br><hr></blockquote><!--EZCODE QUOTE END--><br>Regarding some other "discrepancies":<br><!--EZCODE QUOTE START--><blockquote><strong><em>Quote:</em></strong><hr>After carefully reviewing your interview with Dr. Thomas Eagar, professor of materials engineering and engineering systems at MIT, I felt compelled to ask a few questions regarding a number of issues in reference to his explanation. <br><br>If NOVA would re-examine the photos of the jet impact of the South Tower, they could readily see that most of the jet fuel of that aircraft burned outside of the tower. The aircraft collided with the tower at a trajectory that passes through only the corner of the tower. This path would mean that the aircraft did not have any contact with the central support structure as it traversed the building. With a shared trajectory, the 23,000 gallons of jet fuel would spew out and away from the tower. Jet fuel burns very quickly and at low temperature. It is highly unlikely that there was sufficient fire within the tower to create enough heat to affect the steel. If this is so, wouldn't Dr. Eagar's explanations be incomplete to say the least? <br><br>The magazine Fire Engineering, a respected journal of firefighting for 125 years, which publishes studies of catastrophic fires, criticized the American Society of Civil Engineers and FEMA investigations as "a half-baked farce." Fire Engineering editor WiIliam A. Manning wrote in the January issue: "...the structural damage from the planes and the explosive ignition of jet fuel in themselves were not enough to bring down the towers." Why such disparity in opinion within the ranks of the fire-engineering community? <br><br>The immense clouds of dust and apparent disintegration of the 425,000 cubic yards of concrete of the World Trade Center cause me to question the MIT account of events. Describing the ruins, television evangelist Dr. Robert Schuller said that "...there was not a single block of concrete in that rubble." One observer described the scene "as if some high-energy disintegration beam or laser had been focused on the towers and pulverized the concrete into minute particles of ash and dust." The 110-ten-story World Trade Center reduced to dust by jet fuel? <br><br>Dr. Michael Baden, New York state's chief forensic pathologist and an expert in pathology, said in September that most of the victims' bodies should be identifiable, because the fires had not reached the 3200°F for 30 minutes neccessary to incinerate a body. At a November press conference, Dr. Charles Hirsch, the chief medical examiner, told grieving relatives that many bodies had been "vaporized." Are we to believe that the people killed on 9/11 were "vaporized" at 1700° F? <br><br>The steel and concrete ruins of the World Trade Center burned for more than three months, despite a nearly constant spray of water. The fires were reported extinguished on December 19. Three months to extinguish a low-degree fire? <br><br>These questions and many, many more need to be adressed so that total accountability is achieved. Would NOVA not agree?<br><br>Peter Dwight<br>Kent, Ohio<br><br><br><!--EZCODE BOLD START--><strong>Dr. Eagar responds:</strong><!--EZCODE BOLD END--><br><br>It is not clear if Mr. Dwight is arguing that the fires were very hot or if he thinks it was much cooler than has been reported. It is also not clear whether he thinks that the fuel from the airplanes persisted for a long time or whether he thinks it was all consumed in a few moments upon impact. Should I also infer that there is some mystery fuel that burned for three months or some defect in the concrete that caused it to crumble into dust? Thus I am unable to respond directly to his questions because I do not understand what his questions are. <br><br>Nevertheless, let me note that it would be impossible for all the fuel to burn within a few moments. Oxygen is required to burn fuel. If a liquid is vaporized—as it must be in order for the oxygen to mix with the fuel and for combustion to occur—the vapor occupies about 500 times the volume of the liquid. Thus, if the jet fuel was consumed mostly in the first few moments, three things must be present. First, there would have been a fireball of fuel 500 times as large as the liquid fuel multiplied by 5 times as much air as the oxygen required (because air is only 20 percent oxygen) or a fireball 2,500 times the volume of the liquid fuel that was consumed. While there was a fireball, it was not anywhere near this large. Second, there would need to be a source of the heat of vaporization to vaporize the fuel. This is what limits the rate of burning of most liquids, i.e., the heat necessary to vaporize the unburnt fuel. Third, the heat generated by this rapid burning would have to go someplace. <br><br>If one calculates the amount of energy contained in 10,000 gallons of jet fuel, it is a tremendous amount. This relates again to the size of the fireball, which was much too small to represent 10,000 gallons of fuel. In fact, the initial fireball probably was not more than ten percent of the available fuel. <br><br>Plus, what caused all the black smoke for the next few hours if all the fuel was consumed in the first few moments? No, scientifically, there was a great excess of fuel, and it burned for hours and even months. <br><br>As for whether the aircraft harmed the central core during the first impact, there is no need to assume that the central core was damaged. While the central core did bear much of the gravity load of the building, the load borne by the outer perimeter walls was not insignificant. Since it was the coupling between the core and the perimeter that I and many other engineers believe was the cause of the final collapse, it does not matter whether the initial impact damaged the central core or not. It was the fire that brought the building down, not the airplane impact. <br><br>Finally, the references to the rubble and dust and the vaporizations of the human remains appear to be hyperbole made without scientific foundation. I suspect that none of these statements are backed by scientific evidence but were emotional outbursts made in order to impress and/or incite people. I would warn people not to take all statements they read at face value. You will find many inconsistencies, as some people are less than precise in their terminology. It is necessary to collect as much hard data as possible and use that to develop a description that makes sense to yourself. As one person said, "If you can't explain something, it is likely that you do not understand it." There are many who do not understand what happened at the World Trade Center who happily offer accounts without any evidence to support their statements. Be wary of those who speak without any quantitative evidence to support their science.<br><hr></blockquote><!--EZCODE QUOTE END--><br> <p><!--EZCODE FONT START--><span style="color:black;font-family:century gothic;font-size:x-small;"><!--EZCODE BOLD START--><strong>Qutb means "axis," "pole," "the center," which contains the periphery or is present in it. The qutb is a spiritual being, or function, which can reside in a human being or several human beings or a moment. It is the elusive mystery of how the divine gets delegated into the manifest world and obviously cannot be defined.</strong><!--EZCODE BOLD END--></span><!--EZCODE FONT END--><br><br></p><i></i>