Coup of '34

by **Dreams End** » Fri Dec 02, 2005 12:32 pm

I didn't know much about this. I found the link in the comments of one of Jeff's old posts. Evidently the one book about this is out of print and very expensive. It outlines a DuPont backed coup attempt against Roosevelt. The idea was to have a group of veterans ascend on DC and grab Roosevelt with demands about returning to the gold standard. Stupidly, the tried to engage Smedly "War is a Racket" Butler in the plot. Naturally, he turned them in but nothing came of the investigation. I was particularly interested in the groups that spawned from these efforts. all kinds of little rightwing hate groups whose real agenda is to promote and protect corporate interests. I'll bet others here no more about this story than I do and I'd be interested in comments. Footnotes for this story and more about it's role as a precursor to the Kennedy Assassination can be found at the link. I almost bought "Deep Politics" by Scott yesterday (hard to believe I've never read it.) My bank account overcame the impulse, unfortunately, but I wonder if he goes this far back or if his analysis starts in the sixties. <blockquote>Quote:<hr> The Attempted Coup Against FDR By Barbara LaMonica The stock market crash of 1929 and the ensuing Great Depression dramatically thrust the question of government’s role to the forefront of American political and corporate life. The election of Franklin Delano Roosevelt represented a revolutionary realignment of political power: the ascendancy of the Democratic party facilitated by new voting coalitions of rural south and industrialized north which dislodged the Republican Party’s nearly seventy-year dominance, signaling the abandonment of laissez-faire economics in favor of state regulation. The losers in this political process coalesced into right-wing Republicanism, and the next sixty years of American history is, in part, the story of their attempt to regain power, reinstitute Lassiez-faire policies, and dismantle the New Deal.1 I would like to suggest that the forces behind the assassination of President Kennedy were born in the furies which the Great Depression unleashed between these competing sectors of American political and economic life. I believe that in 1934 there was a foreshadowing of the JFK assassination. A conspiracy was uncovered in which right-wing elements of big business, namely the DuPont family and the Morgan banking interests, planned to finance and arm a veteran’s army to march on the White House and hold President Roosevelt captive.2 The conspiracy was reported by two- time Congressional Medal of Honor winner Marine Corps Major General Smedley Darlington Butler. Although the House Committee to Investigate Un-American Activities found his allegations credible, it failed to call major conspirators to testify, and the Committee deleted crucial testimony from its final report to the public. The press relegated the story to the back pages, and discredited those, including Major Butler, who tried to alert the public to the threat against republican government. No prosecutions were forthcoming from the Justice Department, in part because the main witness who would have substantiated Butler’s claims died suddenly from pneumonia at the age of 37. In short, there was a cover-up, maybe worse. Background Franklin Delano Roosevelt was elected in November 1932, three years into the Great Depression. National income was cut by more than half and five thousand banks had crashed, wiping out nine million savings accounts. More than fifteen million workers had lost their jobs. Not only was the question "What to do" being asked, but also "Who was to blame?" A Senate investigation into the machinations of Wall Street found that investors organized raids on the stock market, pulled out all their money hoping for prices to drop, and then bought low. Insiders were also afforded the opportunity to buy securities at prices much lower than the public. Financiers were lining their pockets with fantastic bonuses, and the committee found that "...the Stock Exchange was no more than a glorified gambling casino where the odds were weighted heavily against the eager outsiders."3 The severity and persistence of the Depression raised questions in the minds of the public about business leaders and capitalism itself. Underlying this questioning was the perennial debate over what role the government should take. Although Roosevelt wanted and needed the support of business, he also knew that the government must advance beyond representing the "single interest" that is big business and represent the needs of all segments of society. Such interests as farm groups and unions were to be given a voice in the government which had been previously denied them so that, as Senator Robert Wagner argued, "...the strong may not take advantage of the weak."4 Roosevelt himself felt that reforms that from time to time would impose policies distasteful to representatives of industry would be essential to lasting relief. While asking Congress to pass the Securities Act to regulate the Stock Exchange, Roosevelt stated, <blockquote>Quote:<hr> In the working out of a great national program seeking the primary good of the greater number, it is true that the toes of some people are being stepped on, and are going to be stepped on. But these toes belong to the comparative few who seek to retain or to gain position or riches or both by some short cut that is harmful to the great<hr></blockquote><hr></blockquote> Roosevelt did step on some toes. Roosevelt and the New Dealers were determined to eliminate the abuses of the financial system by subjecting it to federal regulation. Threatened by prospects of government regulation and taxation of individual wealth as well as corporate profits to fund relief programs and public works, industrialists took up the offensive. In 1934, two events aroused the wrath of the DuPonts and the Morgans. First, there were rumors that pressure was being exerted to open a Senate investigation into the munitions industry’s alleged role in America’s entry into WWI. The DuPonts were the leading armament producers in the world. They had already earned the title "Merchants of Death" because of the huge profits they made during the Civil War and the War of 1812. The DuPonts always tried to bury this fact in carefully crafted public relations euphemisms such as" DuPont - Better things for better living through chemistry." The DuPonts have always remained reticent about revealing the extent of their wealth, corporate holdings and armament productions. Certainly, a Senate investigation revealing their irregular dealings and huge profits during a time of national hardship, when many Americans were already questioning whether financiers really had the national interest at heart, could be disastrous for industrialists like the DuPonts. It could only lead to more popular support for the reforms Roosevelt was trying to implement.5 The second event that alarmed the big financiers, striking directly at the heart of the Morgan empire, was the passage of the Securities Acts of 1933 and 1934. This legislation proposed federal supervision of securities traded over state boundaries, and established the Securities and Exchange Commission empowered to enforce the regulations. Some of the abuses that the commission was to address were insider trading, bear raiding, and manipulating stocks to create the illusion of activity. One of the most alarming propositions was that companies selling stocks would have to reveal their financial histories to the public. In choosing a chairman for the Securities and Exchange Commission, Roosevelt needed a man who would strike a balance between the more radical, anti-business theorists of the New Deal, and the entrenched business interests whose support Roosevelt needed. Confiding to his advisors with the cavalier phrase "I’ll set a thief to catch a thief," Roosevelt appointed Joseph P. Kennedy as the first Chairman of the Securities and Exchange Commission.6 With this appointment Kennedy became responsible for drafting legislation which would regulate the business dealings of his former Wall Street colleagues. Furthermore, an alliance between the Roosevelt and Kennedy families was indelibly printed upon the minds of reactionary elements of business. I will return to this Kennedy-Roosevelt alliance and its repercussions later. The Coup During this same period, retired Marine Corps General Smedley Darlington Butler was approached by two members of the American Legion: Bill Doyle, and Gerald C. MacGuire (who was also a bonds salesman for a Morgan concern). The American Legion, ostensibly a veterans’ benevolent society, was founded by wealthy industrialists who used the Legionnaires as strike busters.7 The men invited Butler to address an upcoming Legion convention. They were dissatisfied with how the organization was being run, and hoped Butler’s influence would help them oust the present leadership. Butler politely listened, but refused, saying he did not wish to get involved in Legion politics. A short time thereafter the two men called upon Butler again. They seemingly disregarded Butler’s former refusal to attend the convention. They had a new plan. Butler would now bring a few hundred Legionnaires with him to the convention and scatter them throughout the audience. MacGuire assured Butler that the Legionnaires’ expenses would be covered as he showed him a bank book with deposits totaling over $100,000. When Butler appeared in the spectator gallery, the Legionnaires were to leap to their feet demanding he speak. MacGuire then produced the prepared speech he wanted Butler to give. The speech urged the convention to adopt a resolution calling for Roosevelt to return to the Gold Standard. Up until that time the dollar was backed by gold, meaning the US Treasury could only print as much money as there was gold reserve backing that money in Fort Knox. Going off the Gold standard allowed for more money to printed and pumped into the economy, partially to fund the proposed relief programs. Those who had a lot of money were opposed to going off the Gold standard for fear their money would have less value. So Butler was to convince the veterans, who were due a second bonus payment, that if they were not paid in money backed by gold, their bonuses would be compromised. Butler became suspicious. Who was trying to use him in this way? Where did MacGuire get all this money and for whom was he really working? And wasn’t the Gold Standard argument merely a means to alienate the veterans from Roosevelt by convincing them his policies would render their money worthless?8 Feigning interest in order to learn more about the purpose of the intrigue, and who was behind it, Butler said he might be interested, but he needed to know the plan was foolproof. Butler also said he wanted to talk to the top man, and not intermediaries. After some hesitation MacGuire revealed that Singer Sewing Machine heir Robert Sterling Clark was instrumental, as was Grayson M.P. Murphy. Murphy ran a Wall Street brokerage house, was a director of Guaranty Trust, a Morgan Bank, and also had interests in Anaconda Copper, Bethlehem Steel and Goodyear Tire.9 Other meetings followed. At one point MacGuire took out his wallet and threw down 18 $1000 bills saying he wanted to pay Butler for his help. Robert Sterling Clark himself paid Butler a visit, and hinted at such things as Butler’s mortgage payments. Finally MacGuire revealed their real plans: he wanted Butler to lead an insurrection army to march on the White House, "force" Roosevelt to resign, and install a Secretary of General Affairs to take Roosevelt’s place and reinstate the Gold Standard. Why would the plotters choose Butler? Butler, a two-time congressional medal of honor winner was one of the few well-loved military men. Only Butler could induce veterans, who would ordinarily have nothing to do with insurrection to follow him. The plotters felt they could seduce Butler with money and power. They misjudged him. Butler was an extraordinary man. Of Quaker stock, he served for thirty years in the Marines and enjoyed great popularity among the men he commanded as well as among the rank and file veterans. His military experiences in China, Nicaragua, Haiti, and Cuba eventually led him to suspect that these interventions were nothing more than scouting expeditions for big business. He felt that the lives of American boys were being sacrificed for the profits of United Fruit. In retirement Butler become very outspoken about this. He went on speaking engagements, and even penned a book entitled "War is a Racket".10 He was also one of the few military men to support the Bonus Marchers. These veterans had camped outside the capital demanding the money owed them, only to have their tents burned down by the likes of Generals MacArthur, Patton, and Eisenhower acting on orders from President Hoover. Butler was still unconvinced that there was a real plot; however, MacGuire made some starling predictions. He predicted there would be an announcement in the press about the formation of a new organization, the American Liberty League. The American Liberty League, funded by the DuPonts, was to complement the coup by functioning as a propaganda organ to discredit the overthrown Roosevelt in the public’s mind (a technique which should be all too familiar to students of the character postmortem on JFK).11 MacGuire was also able to predict, well in advance, important personnel changes in the White House. This apparent forecasting ability indicated to Butler that conspirators were even within the New Deal administration. Butler, now taking the conspiracy seriously, approached some of his friends in Congress and the media. The House Committee to Investigate Un-American Activities, chaired by Congressmen John McCormack and Samuel Dickerstein, agreed to hear Butler’s testimony.12 What The Committee Revealed Not surprisingly, when called as a witness, MacGuire denied any plot. He claimed he was part of The Committee For Sound Dollar and Sound Currency, Inc., which was spearheading a lobbying effort on behalf of the Gold Standard. However, his contradictory testimony and his inability to satisfactorily explain the large amounts of money which were deposited in several of his accounts compromised his credibility as a witness. At one point he said he was acting as purchasing agent of securities for Clark, but he never produced any evidence that he ever purchased any securities at all.13 It was also revealed that Clark had sent MacGuire on a trip to Germany, Italy, Spain, and France allegedly to study ‘economic’ conditions. But records of the Committee for a Sound Dollar, where MacGuire filed his reports, indicated he was studying something more. In each of the countries he met with veterans in paramilitary groups. These were the types of groups that carried out coups and assassinations in Germany and Italy on behalf of Hitler and Mussolini. A similar group operated in France, the Croix de Feu, about which MacGuire wrote this glowing report: "... this French super organization is composed of about 500,000 men, and each of them was the leader of 10 others, and that is the kind of organization that we should have in the United States."14 Finally, Butler’s story was corroborated by Commander James Van Zandt of the Veterans of Foreign Wars who claimed he was also approached to lead an insurrection army. It was also alleged by Butler that MacGuire had guaranteed arms on credit from the Remington Arms Company. Investigation by the committee revealed that the DuPonts had just bought the controlling interest in Remington Arms.15 The committee stated in its final report that it found credible evidence of a contemplated plot to overthrow the elected government with a military coup. Nevertheless, some alleged co-conspirators (supposedly revealed to Butler by MacGuire) such as General Hugh Johnson, (who was head of FDR’s National Recovery Administration), former NY Governor Al Smith and General Douglas MacArthur were never subpoenaed.16 Media Treatment Of The Plot The media gave little or scant coverage to the committee’s final report. The Luce Press, which always led the charge in attacking Roosevelt and bolstering Fascism, ran a story called "A Plot Without Plotters"17 which sought to discredit Col. Butler. He was called a "hothead." Other evidence of Butler’s unsavory character, according to Luce, was that he had once given a speech in which he criticized Mussolini. His advocacy of the penniless Bonus Veteran Army was transformed into haranguing. The committee chairmen fared no better under Luce’s pen. They were accused of only seeking publicity (despite their having sought to suppress the most explosive parts of their discoveries). The New York Times showed an astonishing lack of interest. Reference to the alleged coup was relegated to two paragraphs at the bottom of page five.18 However, not every newspaper discounted the plot. The independent Philadelphia Record ran a cartoon showing big business pointing to a soapbox Communist as the threat, while General Butler marches in with evidence revealing armed Fascists hiding beneath a banker’s coat.19 References to the alleged conspiracy disappeared from the press. Nevertheless, individual reporters did attempt to pursue the story. Paul Comley French of the Philadelphia Record and investigative journalist John Spivak went to the Justice Department. They asked why no one implicated was ever questioned; and since MacGuire had perjured himself, did they intend to file criminal prosecution? The Justice Department indicated it had no plans to carry matters any further at the moment. MacGuire, the only man who could have testified against the rest, died soon after of complications from pneumonia. His physician claimed that his death was partly due to the stress of the charges made by Butler. Grayson M.P. Murphy, the Morgan banker and treasurer of the American Liberty League, died soon after.20 Aftermath And Beyond Although the coup never materialized, the unrelenting propaganda attack against Roosevelt and the New Deal reforms continued, spearheaded by the American Liberty League. The League listed as its main contributors the DuPont family, representatives of the Morgan interests, Robert Sterling Clark, the Pew Family (Sun Oil), and Rockefeller Associates. Its Treasurer was Grayson M.P. Murphy, MacGuire’s immediate boss. The League itself was ostensibly dedicated to the virtues of the Constitution, individual freedom and free market capitalism. But it claimed that all New Deal reforms were inspired by Communists within the Roosevelt administration.21 In the election of 1936, the League spent twice as much money as the Republican Party in trying to defeat Roosevelt. Although the League disbanded after Roosevelt won his second term, it spawned a series of extreme right-wing groups and paramilitary bands which constituted a network that endured through the 1960s, and whose descendants are with us today. Their propaganda was anti-Communist and anti-Semitic; their tactic was violence. Some groups which the League financed were the Sentinels of the Republic (which labeled the New Deal "Jewish Communism"), the Minutemen and the Minutewomen. Another group, the Southern Committee to Uphold the Constitution, was associated with the Silver Shirt Squad of the American Storm Troopers. The goals of this organization, headed by a Texas oil magnate, were to create a mass movement of whites in the South to dilute Roosevelt’s Dixie vote, and to stir up anti-black racism in order to attack organizing drives by the unions from the North. Significantly, these same hate sentiments were being stirred up against JFK, and for the same reasons. These groups formed the dark underside to the League, which tried to present a polite public face.22 But some industrialists, like Henry Ford, had no qualms about explicitness. American Fascists groups hawked his anti-Semitic tracts like "The International Jew." The main function of these hate groups was to enforce the will of right-wing corporate America, seeking to regain the political power it lost in the 1932 election. On the grassroots level, this intention translated into supporting the efforts of management to stop workers from unionizing. The most glaring example of this is the struggle at the General Motors plants (General Motors was owned by the DuPonts). The DuPonts employed the Black Legion, a sort of Northern Klux Klux Klan, which would terrorize workers, bomb union halls, and torture and murder organizers. The Legion was organized into arson squads, execution squads, and anti-Communist squads. Discipline within its own ranks was maintained with the weapons of torture or death and was strictly enforced. The LaFollette Committee found that the Legion had penetrated police departments, high government offices, and the Michigan Republican Party.23 These groups also acted as intelligence networks. They infiltrated unions, leftwing groups, and universities, and they sold their information to industry. One example of such an intelligence agency was the American Vigilant Intelligence Federation, headquartered in Chicago and operated by Harry Jung.24 Jung later relocated to New Orleans where he was an associate of Guy Bannister, who also hailed from Chicago. Banister’s Detective Agency was spying for right-wing businesses as well. Some believe it may have been in Jung’s hotel in New Orleans that the famous Congress of Freedom meeting took place in the Spring of 1963. At this meeting, with Edwin Walker and Joseph Milteer in attendance, a police informant reported there was talk of murdering national leaders. In the Thirties, corporate America’s fear of government regulation threatened by Roosevelt’s New Deal, ("Socialism" in their minds), gave them a reason to embrace Fascism. It justified their financing of paramilitary hate groups to carry out violent, anti-government and anti-union campaigns exploiting the vehicles of racism, anti-Semitism and anti-Communism. By the Sixties these groups had become entrenched in the grassroots landscape. The institutionalization of the military industrial complex and the national security state, with which corporate America would meld, developed during World War II and its aftermath. The DuPonts, as well as other industrialists, implicated in the attempted coup against FDR played a major role in these developments. The Nye Committee Hearings to investigate the munitions industry were finally held in 1935. Committee findings revealed that the DuPonts were heavily invested in fascist Italy, and had played a major role in the rearming of Germany.25 According to the Versailles Treaty, which ended WWI, it was illegal to sell arms to Germany, but the DuPonts lobbied State Department delegates to the Paris Peace Conference. They finally obtained assurance from one of the delegates that their business with Germany would be "winked at." That delegate was Wall Street lawyer Allen Dulles. In addition, the Wall Street lawyer who represented the DuPonts at the hearings was William Donovan, who went on to head the Office of Strategic Services (the OSS was the forerunner of the CIA) during WWII. In spite of the DuPonts’ illegal dealings, no prosecutions were forthcoming as a result of the Nye committee either. The DuPont family interests represented the largest holdings in the military industrial complex. DuPont built and operated the plant for the Manhattan project. They built all the facilities for atomic bomb production including the facility at Oak Ridge Tennessee. DuPont technicians and engineers ran the show; and by the Sixties the DuPonts effectively had control of the whole atomic energy industry.26[/quote] <a href="http://www.webcom.com/ctka/pr399-fdr.html">www.webcom.com/ctka/pr399-fdr.html</a>

by **proldic** » Fri Dec 02, 2005 12:38 pm

and then, three years later --1937 -- he married his son to Ethel DuPont. hmmm.......

by **Dreams End** » Fri Dec 02, 2005 12:57 pm

I wonder if you mean there never really was much of a distinction between the FDR "wing" and the Dupont "wing" (we certainly don't mistake FDR for a socialist, despite the rhetoric of his opponents) or if you mean that they simply sold out. Be curious for your opinion. But I'm really interested in the history of these rightwing groups backed by big capitalists on the one hand (and who their descendents are), and the actual, step by step process of how the national security state was set up and how it began to function in our country.

by **Trifecta** » Fri Dec 02, 2005 2:48 pm

<a href="http://www.anomalous-images.com/text/naznwo01.html">www.anomalous-images.com/...nwo01.html</a> naznwo02.html naznwo03.html naznwo04.html etc.

by **starroute** » Fri Dec 02, 2005 4:13 pm

<a href="http://alexconstantine.50megs.com/the_roots_of.html">alexconstantine.50megs.co...ts_of.html</a> <blockquote>Quote:<hr>Even more telling is the amount of financial backing the Du Ponts provided pro-Hitler groups in the United States. Starting in 1933 Du Pont provided financing for the American Liberty Lobby, Clark's Crusaders who claimed 1,200,000 members and the Liberty League.<hr></blockquote> <a href="http://www.webcom.com/ctka/pr399-fdr.html">www.webcom.com/ctka/pr399-fdr.html</a> <blockquote>Quote:<hr>Although the coup never materialized, the unrelenting propaganda attack against Roosevelt and the New Deal reforms continued, spearheaded by the American Liberty League. The League listed as its main contributors the DuPont family, representatives of the Morgan interests, Robert Sterling Clark, the Pew Family (Sun Oil), and Rockefeller Associates. Its Treasurer was Grayson M.P. Murphy, MacGuire’s immediate boss. The League itself was ostensibly dedicated to the virtues of the Constitution, individual freedom and free market capitalism. But it claimed that all New Deal reforms were inspired by Communists within the Roosevelt administration. In the election of 1936, the League spent twice as much money as the Republican Party in trying to defeat Roosevelt. Although the League disbanded after Roosevelt won his second term, it spawned a series of extreme right-wing groups and paramilitary bands which constituted a network that endured through the 1960s, and whose descendants are with us today. Their propaganda was anti-Communist and anti-Semitic; their tactic was violence. Some groups which the League financed were the Sentinels of the Republic (which labeled the New Deal "Jewish Communism" ), the Minutemen and the Minutewomen. Another group, the Southern Committee to Uphold the Constitution, was associated with the Silver Shirt Squad of the American Storm Troopers. The goals of this organization, headed by a Texas oil magnate, were to create a mass movement of whites in the South to dilute Roosevelt’s Dixie vote, and to stir up anti-black racism in order to attack organizing drives by the unions from the North.<hr></blockquote> <a href="http://members.aol.com/discord23/coup.htm">members.aol.com/discord23/coup.htm</a> <blockquote>Quote:<hr>In 1933, Irenee, Pierre and Lammot Du Pont, along with Alfred P. Sloan of the Du Pont controlled General Motors, began funding several anti-semitic/anti-black groups. These groups, including the million-strong Clark's Crusaders, and the American Liberty League, were highly outspoken in their attacks on Roosevelt, linking the socialist policies of the New Deal with an international Zionist conspiracy. (Apparently the same Zionist bank]ers popular among Birchers and other right-wing groups today.) In all, Higman states that over $ million was put up to finance an army modeled on the French fascist movement, Croix de Fau.<hr></blockquote> <a href="http://www.democraticunderground.com/articles/02/04/05_killing.html">www.democraticunderground...lling.html</a> <blockquote>Quote:<hr>Higham states that "Along with friends of the Morgan Bank and General Motors...certain du Pont backers financed a coup d'etat that would overthrow the president with the aid of a $3 million funded army of terrorists." The weapons were to be provided by Remington arms, a du Pont subsidiary. . . . Higham also states that the du Ponts used their tremendous wealth "to finance the notorious Black Legions. This terrorist organization had as it's purpose the prevention of automobile workers from unionizing. The members wore hoods and black ropes, with skull and crossbones. They fire-bombed union meetings, murdered union organizers, often by beating them to death, and dedicated their lives to destroying Jews and communists. They were linked to the Ku Klux Klan." The du Ponts formed an armed gang of men "modeled on the Gestapo to sweep though the plants and beat up anyone who proved rebellious. They hired the Pinkerton Agency to send its swarms of detectives through the whole chemicals, munitions and automobile empire to spy on left-wingers or other malcontents." The du Ponts also formed and financed the American Liberty League, "a Nazi organization whipping up hatred of blacks and Jews, love of Hitler, and loathing of Roosevelts." This group had chapters at 26 colleges and subsidiaries nationwide.<hr></blockquote> <a href="http://www.tsha.utexas.edu/handbook/online/articles/MM/fmu22.html">www.tsha.utexas.edu/handb...fmu22.html</a> <blockquote>Quote:<hr>In 1934 Muse and Kirby organized the Southern Committee to Uphold the Constitution, financed mostly by the DuPonts and other northern industrial interests, in an effort to prevent Franklin D. Roosevelt's reelection. Two years later Muse was the leading organizer of Christian Americans, a group he formed to combat what he perceived as radicalism and subversive influences throughout the country. He believed that organized labor in the United States was the source of much communistic influence, and thus he led Christian Americans to support the antiunion movement.<hr></blockquote> <a href="http://www.spiritone.com/~gdy52150/1930sp6.html">www.spiritone.com/~gdy52150/1930sp6.html</a> <blockquote>Quote:<hr>One of those indicted, William Dudley Pelly and his group, the Silver Shirts warrants a closer look in studying the evolution of native fascism in the United States. Pelly founded the Silver Shirts on January 31, 1933 in Asheville, North Carolina the day Hitler took power in Germany describing the group as a Christian militia. Throughout the 30s and up until Pelly's indictment for sedition, the Silver Shirts were one of the largest pro-Nazi groups and one of the more violent. Pelly was the son of a Methodist minister who believed that Jews were the children of Satan. His intense hate of Jews came from when he was a missionary traveling with the American Expedition Force in Russia during the last phase of the WWI. There, he learned from the White Russians a bitter hatred for the Jews. This hatred was later reinforced when Pelly was fired as a screenwriter for Hollywood moguls. Due to their extreme racist and anti-Semitic views, the Silver Shirts became popular in areas of the country where the Klan was strong in the 1920s. They were particularly strong in the Pacific Northwest and largely took over the void left after the Klan split apart in Oregon and Washington in the 1920s. The Silver Shirts were openly pro-Hitler and formed alliances with both the American Bund and the Klan. If it were not for their lingering influence on the evolution of fascist groups in America, they would be as forgettable as any of the other 700 plus fascist groups from the 1930s. However, many of today's far right groups can trace their ancestry directly to the Silver Shirts. The Posse Comitatus’ founder Henry Lamont Beach was a leader of the Silver Shirts in Oregon. Likewise, Richard Butler the founder of the Aryan Nations in Hayden Lake, Idaho was also a Silver Shirter as well as a former Klansmen. Here we have direct links between today's right wing and the past fascists groups of the 30s. Butler still uses the Nazi salute at Hayden Lake years after the end of the war. Gerald L. K. Smith one of the founders of today’s Christian Identity religion was perhaps the most influential former Silver Shirt member as the Identity religion provides the common bond among many of the right wing extremist groups today. It is the religion that is common to the Posse, the Aryan nations and many of the militias and Klan groups.<hr></blockquote>

by **anon** » Fri Dec 02, 2005 4:26 pm

Wall Street's Plot to Seize the White House: Facing the Corporate Roots of American Fascism <a href="http://coat.ncf.ca/fascistplot">coat.ncf.ca/fascistplot</a> Sources: (scroll down for the interesting stuff) <a href="http://coat.ncf.ca/our_magazine/links/53/generalsources.html">coat.ncf.ca/our_magazine/...urces.html</a>

by **marykmusic** » Fri Dec 02, 2005 4:30 pm

Some of the veterans marching on Washington in that era were known as Bond Marchers; they camped out on the Mall for months in 1931 and '32. Their premise was to get what they were promised when they signed up for WWI: a bonus or "bond" in cash to be delivered when the war ended and they were mustered out. They had never gotten it. So, the background is, there was a legitimate gripe. Two of these Bond Marchers got together and wrote a song about it (their only one): "Brother, Can you Spare a Dime?" "Brother, Can You Spare a Dime," lyrics by Yip Harburg, music by Gorney Harburg (1931) They used to tell me I was building a dream, and so I followed the mob, When there was earth to plow, or guns to bear, I was always there right on the job. They used to tell me I was building a dream, with peace and glory ahead, Why should I be standing in line, just waiting for bread? Once I built a railroad, I made it run, made it race against time. Once I built a railroad; now it's done. Brother, can you spare a dime? Once I built a tower, up to the sun, brick, and rivet, and lime; Once I built a tower, now it's done. Brother, can you spare a dime? Once in khaki suits, gee we looked swell, Full of that Yankee Doodly Dum, Half a million boots went slogging through Hell, And I was the kid with the drum! Say, don't you remember, they called me Al; it was Al all the time. Why don't you remember, I'm your pal? Buddy, can you spare a dime? Once in khaki suits, gee we looked swell, Full of that Yankee Doodly Dum, Half a million boots went slogging through Hell, And I was the kid with the drum! Say, don't you remember, they called me Al; it was Al all the time. Say, don't you remember, I'm your pal? Buddy, can you spare a dime? This is one of the songs I sing and tell the story of. I also throw in the bit about how that camp was "cleaned out": The one-star general who was in charge of the defense of Washington, DC was Douglas McArthur. He ordered a cavalry charge with sabres drawn... the last on American soil, against American veterans. --MaryK

by **scollon** » Fri Dec 02, 2005 4:45 pm

Fascinating stuff. Here are a couple of other links The Real Plot to Overthrow FDR's America <a href="http://www.dailykos.com/story/2005/2/27/112936/440">www.dailykos.com/story/20...112936/440</a> THE BUSINESS PLOT TO OVERTHROW ROOSEVELT <a href="http://www.huppi.com/kangaroo/Coup.htm">www.huppi.com/kangaroo/Coup.htm</a> The really scary thing is that these traditional American nazis descended from WW II have clearly teamed up with the Jewish Neocon nazis like Kristol , Wolfowitz, Perle, Abrams, Feith, Adelman, Libby etc. along with their equally repugnant gentile partners in crime Cheney and Rumsfeld. These are the folk that pushed for the expansionist war after the Reichstag like enabling incident on 9/11/2001. Their aggressive philosophy is epitomised by the PNAC. <a href="http://www.newamericancentury.org">www.newamericancentury.org</a> That is the twin pronged evil behind the current white house, a marriage truly made in hell. Edited by: <A HREF=http://p216.ezboard.com/brigorousintuition.showUserPublicProfile?gid=scollon>scollon</A> at: 12/2/05 1:46 pm

by **starroute** » Fri Dec 02, 2005 6:09 pm

marykmusic - Not Gorney Harburg but Jay Gorney. I was friends with his son in 2nd grade. (Karen Gorney, who was in Saturday Night Fever, was his daughter.) Jay Gorney wrote us a school song long about then and we would sing it at assemblies, but somehow by the next fall the song had vanished as though it had never existed. It was only many years later that my mother told me that over the summer, Jay Gorney had been called up before the House Un-American Activities Committee. The 50's were weird that way.

by **sunny** » Fri Dec 02, 2005 6:18 pm

Interestingly, there was a Tracy/Hepburn film in the early forties that dealt with this subject, albeit somewhat tangentially. It concerned the death of an extremely wealthy industrialist,(billed in the media as a "hero" and "patriot") who, it turned out, had been fronting a movement of elites, called "America First" or some such, that planned on "installing" fascists in the government, without benefit of elections.

by **anonymouse** » Fri Dec 02, 2005 6:31 pm

It's a fascinating story, and it is very curious that the book is so hard to come by. I checked just now and amazon, abebooks and alibris all report zero copies for sale. It usually goes for at least several hundred dollars. Many libraries do have it, though, and I think the complete text is online somewhere. I recall reading (I think on Indymedia) some years ago that many copies of this and other books (specifically Philip Agee's two volumes of "Dirty Work") have been stolen from libraries, and that there seems to be a concerted effort to drive up the prices and generally make them hard to find.

by **Dreams End** » Sat Dec 03, 2005 1:20 am

Here's a picture of DuPont funded "Black Legion" members, imported from the Ohio KKK and put to effective use against minorities and labor. <img src="http://info.detnews.com/dn/history/legion/images/costumes.gif" style="border:0;"/> They killed Malcolm X's father in 1931. Just googling around, I found the FBI's FOI documents on them. http://foia.fbi.gov/foiaindex/blackleg.htm There are almost one thousand, but the second one I hit was an allegation sent to Hoover from assistant attorney general Joseph Keaman that Justice Department agents were members (of the Lima, Ohio branch). Hoover denied this. another document said, still regarding the Lima Ohio branch that the group claimed 1.5 million members (most accounts put it at 60,000...and I don't know where that number comes from) and had 13 districts. It was said the Chief of Police in Lima was a member. One document suggests that the leader, a "Dr. Shephard" hate Roosevelt and was partial to....STALIN! Very unlikely, since one of their stated aims was to fight communism. Documents claim members were encouraged to join the National Guard to take over the armories when the time came. (Guess it never did.) Quote from initiation ceremony: "The purpose of war is to kill; for did not God make it honorable to kill? Did he not cast Lucifer out of heaven? Our purpose is to tear down, lay waste, destroy and kill our enemies without mercy...Black Knights come to the sign of the Death Head and the slogan of a Night Rider.--Until Death." Then a mock execution is staged in which a member pretends to give away a password and is hanged (with a harness secretly preventing death.) I mention this, because in Kentucky, Roderick Ferrel of the "Vampire Clan" claimed that his family had raped him to initiate him into the "Black Mask." He was to be the Guardian of the Black Mask. It's not an exact match but it's just a thought to keep in mind. The group claims to go back to before the revolutionary war, though they are said to have simply originated from the KKK. But there is this from a memoire of a servant of Napoleon: <blockquote>Quote:<hr>My excellent Saxon was called M. Gentz, but he was not related to the diplomat of the same name attached to the Austrian chancery. He was of the reformed religion and very exact in the performance of his religious duties; and I can affirm that I have never known a man more simple in his tastes or more penetrated by his duties as man and magistrate. I would not venture to say what he really thought about the Emperor, for he seldom mentioned him; and if he had had anything unpleasant to say about him, it may readily be fancied that he would have chosen some other confidant. One day when we went together to examine the works His Majesty was erecting all along the left bank of the Elbe, I do not know how the conversation happened to turn on the secret societies of Germany, a subject which I knew absolutely nothing about. As I asked questions for my own information, M. Gentz said to me: "It must not be believed that the secret societies, which are multiplying in such an extraordinary way in Germany, have been protected by the sovereigns. The Prussian government views their increase with alarm, although, at present, it is seeking to turn them to account in order to give a national appearance to the war it is waging on you since the defection of General Yorck. Some of the unions now tolerated have been the object of lively persecutions, even in Prussia. For instance, it is not long since the Prussian government took severe measures for the suppression of the society called Tugendverein (union of virtue). It succeeded in breaking it up; but at the very moment of its dissolution three others were formed from it which were to be directed by the members of the Tugendverein, though taking the precaution of disguising themselves under different names. Doctor Jahn put himself at the head of the black knights, who have since given birth to a body of partisans known as the black legion, commanded by Colonel Lutzoff. The memory of the late Queen, which is still vivid in Prussia, exercises a great influence over the new direction impressed on its institutions; she might be called their occult divinity. During her lifetime she gave Baron Nostitz a silver chain which, in his hands, became the decoration, or rather the rallying-sign, of a new society to which he gave the name of the Louisa Union. Finally, M. Lang is the declared chief of an order of Concordists, which he has instituted in imitation of the societies of the same name established some time since in the universities. ---------snip-------------- for their original object was the overthrow of governments as they exist in Germany; and their fundamental principle is the establishment of a system of absolute equality. This is so true, that it has been hotly debated among the adepts of the Tugendverein whether or not to proclaim the sovereignty of the people throughout Germany; they say openly that war ought not to be made in the name of governments, which, according to them, are only instruments. I do not know what will finally result from all these machinations; but it is certain that by dint of assuming importance, the secret societies create one which is not assumed. To listen to them, you would believe that they alone determined the King of Prussia to declare openly against France, and they make a boast of not stopping there. After all, that will probably happen to them which almost always happens in such cases; if they are considered useful, they will be promised wonders in order to turn them to advantage, and they will be dropped when they are no longer needed, for it is utterly impossible that reasonable governments should lose sight of the real aim of their institution." http://napoleonic-literature.com/Book_12/V4C11.htm<hr></blockquote> The author of this, M. Constant, is quoting someone named Gentz. Constant is clear that he does not necessarily think that all of this is true. A This was written in 1830. Speaking of a German order (one online quote that is found all over about the Tugendverein has them as descendents of the Illuminati. The quote is always the same and unsourced and mentions they gave way to the Concordists. here's the quote: <blockquote>Quote:<hr>Concordists: A secret order established in Prussia by M. Lang, on the wreck of the Tugendverein ("Tugendverein", German for the Union of the Virtuous), which latter Body was instituted in 1790 as a successor of the Illuminati, and suppressed in 1812 by the Prussian Government, on account of its supposed political tendencies. http://members.tripod.com/~Diogenes_MacLugh/BavarianIlluminati.html <hr></blockquote> It's repeated all over without ever an attribution. It may come directly from the Constant piece, but Constant never mentions Illuminati. The timing would be right in any event. So, it's a German order that uses "Black League" and "Black Knight" and is Masonic. there are allegations and historical connections between the Klan and the Masons. We also have the rumors that Skull and Bones descended from one of these german secret societies, and then we have the "Black League" that also has the rank of "Black Knight" which springs from the Klan and which dresses in black robes with a skull and crossbones. There's also a "black legion" regiment of the Croatian Ustasha which brutally slaughtered thousands in Yugoslavia, but I suppose that if one wears black to be intimidating or look like the SS and if one is in a military group, "black legion" would be a predictable name. Still...just to put it all down. There's also a Bogart movie called "The Black Legion" in which he joins them and then battles them. Enough rambling for now.

by **robertdreed** » Sat Dec 03, 2005 3:49 pm

The best material on the Black Legion that I've found is in Gerard Colby's DuPont Dynasty: Behind The Nylon Curtain. George Seldes has some material on the aborted 1934 coup in his book Facts and Fascism. I think I packed a copy of it with me to my new digs, I'll try to find it and excerpt it.

by **OnoI812** » Sun Dec 04, 2005 3:45 am

<a href="http://wfmu.org/listen.ram?show=10938">wfmu.org/listen.ram?show=10938</a>

by **AnnaLivia** » Mon Dec 05, 2005 9:00 pm

was surprised to see George Seldes’ name on a list of conspiracy theorists the other day. I didn’t know he was thought of that way. He was a journalist/publisher (and compiler of the best quote book on the planet!) who reported first-hand about events in Europe and America, especially about fascism and resistance, etc. He was the victim of vicious red-baiting conspiracies against his reporting. DE, if you don’t have this (I think Proldic prolly does), I think you’d really like this collection of Seldes as a foreign correspondent, as “a freedom fighter”, and as a press critic: The George Seldes Reader…An Anthology of the Writings of America’s Foremost Journalistic Gadfly…by Randolph T. Holhut I have the book (embarrassing admission: it’s been on my browsed-but-un-read shelf for some time) and have been reading some of it (thanks for the impetus youse guys). found you this site: <a href="http://www.brasscheck.com/seldes/bio.html">www.brasscheck.com/seldes/bio.html</a> from whence I snipped these bits of the intro/bio: (Proldic will love his wife right off the bat, har har, and be sure to catch the Hindenburg interview being suppressed at end WW1, which suppression Seldes thought changed the course of history and allowed the rise of the central lie of Nazism…which…correct me if I’m wrong…ahem…seems to be plenty alive and well today…ahem…) Randolph Holhut: The story of George Seldes is the story of the Twentieth Century. He has written 21 books and is the archetype of the independent and crusading journalist. He was a witness to and occasional participant in some of the most important events of this century. Seldes was one of a group of four journalists who snuck into Germany at the end of World War I to get an exclusive interview with Field Marshall Paul von Hindenburg, the supreme commander of the German Army. The interview might have changed the course of history had it not been censored by the Allies. In 1922, Seldes was in Russia and there he met Lenin, Trotsky and the founders of the Soviet Union. He spent a year reporting from that country was eventually expelled by the Soviet government for not bowing to its censorship of the news. He chronicled the rise of Benito Mussolini in Italy in the 1920's and was also expelled from that country when he refused to write what the Fascisti wanted him to write. He and his wife Helen Larkin went to Spain in the mid-1930's when General Francisco Franco, aided by Germany and Italy, overthrew the democratically elected government and established a fascist dictatorship. The Seldeses reported on how the dress rehearsal for World War II was being played out on Spanish soil as the world impassively watched. Disatisfied with censorship and the Right-wing bias of the American media, the Seldeses started In Fact, the first publication in America solely devoted to press criticism. It was published from 1940 to 1950 and had a peak circulation of 176,000 before being Red-baited out of existence. Upon America's entry into World War I in 1917, Seldes left United Press and went to Paris. He was selected for G-2-D, General John J. Pershing's press section, as an accredited war correspondent for the Marshall Syndicate. A year later, he became the managing editor of the Army edition of the Chicago Tribune. It was in that role that Seldes got the story that he believes was the most important of his career _ the exclusive interview with Hindenburg. In the interview, Hindenburg acknowledged the role that America played in defeating Germany. "The American infantry," said Hindenburg, "won the World War in battle in the Argonne." But American newspaper readers never read those words. Seldes and the others were accused of breaking the Armistice and were court martialed. They were also forbidden to write anything about the interview. Seldes believed that the suppression of the interview proved to be costly to the world. Instead of hearing straight from the mouth of Germany's supreme commander that they were beaten fair and square on the battlefield, another story took hold _ the Dolchstoss, or "stab-in-the-back." This myth held that Germany did not lose in battle, but was betrayed at home by "the socialists, the Communists and the Jews." This was the central lie upon which Nazism was founded. "If the Hindenburg interview had been passed by Pershing's (stupid) censors at the time, it would have been headlined in every country civilized enough to have newspapers and undoubtedly would have made an impression on millions of people and became an important page in history," wrote Seldes in "Witness to a Century.'' "I believe it would have destroyed the main planks on which Hitler rose to power, it would have prevented World War II, the greatest and worst war in all history, and it would have changed the future of all mankind." The episode also played an important role in Seldes' life. He would spend the next 10 years in Europe reporting for the Chicago Tribune. He would be in on some major events in that tumultuous decade, like his trip to the Soviet Union. Lenin was already on his way out when Seldes went to Russia, as the power of the secret police and the Communist Party bureaucrats overshadowed that of the leader of the Russian Revolution. Seldes, who was in Russia to cover the American Relief Administration's efforts to aid famine victims, still remembers the day when Lenin had to talk his way past the guards to address the Third International. "He'd been missing for about a year, and there were all kinds of rumors about his disappearance," said Seldes. "The hall was crowded with people (who were there for the Third International, a select gathering of Communist leaders, orators, debators and parliamentarians in Moscow in 1922 to celebrate the fifth anniversary of the Russian Revolution) when we heard a commotion at the entrance. There, we saw a little man arguing with the guards to come in. It was Lenin, and he apparently didn't have the right pass to get in." Lenin got in and received a thunderous ovation. After he addressed the gathering and the congress adjourned, Seldes and the other American reporters in attendance then crowded in to try and get an interview. "Someone hollered to ask if Lenin spoke English," Seldes said. "He replied, 'I speak her, ze English, not zo ver goot.' He then started speaking in German, which I did understand." Lenin told Seldes and the other reporters that he occupied "a large portion of my time with American affairs." He added: "Your American newspapers frequently report me dead, Let them fool themselves. Don't take away the last hope of a dying bourgeoisie by saying you spoke to me." Seldes spent a year in the Soviet Union covering the American Relief Administration's efforts to help famine victims. Every news report that came out was cleared by Soviet censors. But Seldes and other reporters who were interested in reporting the truth found a way around the censorship. "We put our dispatches in the ARA diplomatic courier pouches, where the Russians weren't allowed to look," said Seldes. "We'd write them like letters, start them off with 'Dear so-and-so,' then write our story and close with 'Cordially yours' and mailed them to London." Eventually, Seldes was found out and was expelled by the Soviet authorities in May 1923. Other reporters, like Walter Duranty of the New York Times, went along with the censorship and stayed on. "Duranty told me that the highest job in America is to be a Times reporter," Seldes said. "Nobody wanted to lose the privileges that came with it." Seldes told me that he could not believe that the Soviet Union no longer existed. "I never thought I'd see Russia break apart. The things that (Russian president Boris) Yeltsin said and did would have got him executed in Red Square back in the Twenties. I always expected to see a big socialist movement around the world, especially in the United States. It seems to have disappeared entirely." Seldes was among the first American journalists who dared to write truthfully about fascism. In 1925, the Chicago Tribune assigned him to Italy, where Mussolini had recently come to power. Seldes said that the foreign journalists working in Italy were too timid to print the truth about Il Duce. "Everyone had copies of the confessions of the men who killed (Giacomo) Matteotti (the head of the Italian Socialist Party and Mussolini's chief political rival). The documents clearly implicated Mussolini in the killing, but not one person wanted to write about it. They thought Rome was too nice a posting to give up to risk publishing them. They didn't want to, but I did." The story ran on the front page of the Paris edition of the Chicago Tribune and it resulted in Seldes' immediate expulsion from Italy, and a narrow escape from a group of Blackshirts who wanted to kill him. The major American newspapers at the time supported fascism as a legitimate political movement. "They loved Mussolini because they thought he restored order to Italy and businesses there were doing well. It got more and more difficult to report on what was really happening there," said Seldes. Seldes was sent to Mexico in 1927, when the United States came close to invading that country when the Mexican government threatened to take back the mineral rights from the American corporations that stole them from the Mexican people. He wrote a series of stories for the Tribune that were censored to fit the political views of Colonel Robert McCormack, the reactionary owner and publisher of the paper. While he usually allowed his European reporters freedom to write truthfully, McCormack did not extend this freedom to his domestic editorial staff. This experience convinced Seldes that he would not be able to write freely until he left the Tribune and wrote on his own. Seldes quit the Tribune in 1929 and continued as an independent journalist and author. His first two books, "You Can't Print That!," in 1929 and "Can These Things Be!," in 1931, attempted to set the historical record straight as Seldes told the stories that he could not tell in the Tribune. His next book, "World Panorama," in 1933, was a narrative history of the post-World War I years. In 1932, he married Helen Larkin. They met at a party in 1929 in Paris, where Larkin was a student studying physics at the Sorbonne. When the conversation turned to the Soviet Union, where Larkin wanted to go after graduation to work for the physiologist Ivan Pavlov, Seldes told Larkin about his trip to the Soviet Union "and the many difficulties of ordinary daily life. I went on to attack the Soviet Communist dictators and the regime's denial of civil liberties to the masses and Miss Larkin, who obviously was getting angrier and angrier, cut me short with the remark, 'I don't think I ever want to see you again, Mr. Seldes,' " George recalled in "Witness to a Century." When they unexpectedly met again in Paris three years later, George said "it was without question 'love at second sight.' " After a three-week courtship in Paris, they were married. With a loan of $5,000 from Sinclair Lewis, the Seldeses bought a home in Woodstock, Vermont, where they would spend their summers for the next four decades. Helen would assist George on all of his writing projects until her death in 1979. After writing an objective history of the Catholic Church, "The Vatican: Yesterday-Today-Tomorrow," and an expose of the world armaments industry, "Iron, Blood and Profits," in 1934; Seldes wrote the most complete account of the life of Mussolini and how he came to power, "Sawdust Caesar," in 1935. He then turned his attention to the transgressions of the American press with "Freedom of the Press" in 1935 and "Lords of the Press" in 1938. In between writing those two books, the Seldeses went to Spain in 1937 to cover the Spanish Civil War for the New York Post. General Franco's forces were well equipped by Germany and Italy, who used Spain as a proving ground for their weapons and tactics. The Republicans, the people who were fighting to take back their country, were outnumbered and outgunned. "They had no guns, food or medicines and the world press published falsehoods about them, called them 'Reds' and let them die," Seldes said. The major American newspapers of the time took the side of Franco, who was portrayed as ridding Spain of communism. They similarly lauded Mussolini and Hitler for ridding their countries of "the Red menace." The New York Post was at the time among the few liberal dailies in America which would report the truth about the Spanish War but even they succumbed to the pressure of the American Right and the Catholic Church _ both of whom supported Franco and threatened boycotts and economic ruin to any paper that criticized him. The whole Spanish experience left Seldes and others on the American Left embittered and angry. Evil had triumphed, no thanks to the press lords who refused or were to afraid to print the truth about fascism. It also inspired three more books by Seldes _ "You Can't Do That!," in 1938 discussed attacks by the Right upon civil liberties in America; "The Catholic Crisis" in 1940 examined the Church's ties to fascist organizations and "Witch Hunt," also in 1940, which looked at Red-baiting in America. Spain also proved to be the catalyst for Seldes to start his own newsletter that would crusade against against the lies of the times _ In fact. The newsletter's mission was clearly stated on its masthead: "An Antidote for Falsehood in the Daily Press." "He's about as subtle as a house falling in," wrote fellow press critic A.J. Liebling in his classic 1947 book, "The Wayward Pressman." "He makes too much of the failure of newspapers to print exactly what George Seldes would have printed if he were the managing editor. But he is a useful citizen. (In fact) is a fine little gadfly, representing an enormous effort for one man and his wife." Snip A combination of incessant Red-baiting and the apathy of the liberal-left forced Seldes to close down In fact in October 1950. "The word got around that I was a communist," Seldes said. "I never, never, never was a communist, even though Earl Browder (then the head of the Communist Party of the United States of America) kept asking me to join." J. Edgar Hoover's FBI compiled lists of people who subscribed to In fact as well as other liberal publications. Many of Seldes' subscribers cancelled their subscriptions for fear of being branded "subversives." Three newspaper columnists in particular _ Westbrook Pegler, George Sokolsky and Fulton Lewis Jr. _ frequently slandered Seldes. "They were bastards," Seldes said. "They would write that a Russian agent stopped by my office each week to pay my salary. I didn't have the money to sue them for libel. My lawyer told me it would take years to reach a settlement and I even if I won I would never see a dime. There was no way I could fight them." Seldes devoted the post-In fact years to summing up his life, his career and his views on the American media in four different books _ "Tell the Truth and Run" in 1953, "Never Tire of Protesting" in 1968, "Even The Gods Can't Change History" in 1976 and "Witness to a Century" in 1987. He also compiled the best ideas and quotations of the world's great thinkers in two books _ "The Great Quotations" in 1960 and "The Great Thoughts" in 1985. Ok…and they’ve got a documentary video on that site I just found, of conversations with George, (but it says you need a high-speed connection) there’s more on Seldes: <a href="http://brasscheck.com/seldes/">brasscheck.com/seldes/</a> his version of the 34 coup: <a href="http://www.thirdworldtraveler.com/George_Seldes/Man_Horseback_TGSR.html">www.thirdworldtraveler.co..._TGSR.html</a> …great stuff in here from “Witch Hunt”, “Facts and Fascism”, “You Can’t Print That”, World Panorama"…this really is a wonderful anthology!

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