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TO STUDY GOVERNMENTAL OPERATIONS
WITH RESPECT TO
INTELLIGENCE ACTIVITIES
UNITED STATES SENATE
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Selected Books
The Age of Surveillance: The Aims and Methods of America's Political Intelligence System by Frank J. Donner, New York: Knopf, 1980, Vintage, 1981
Agents of Repression: The FBI's Secret Wars Against the Black Panther Party and the American Indian Movement by Ward Churchill and Jim Vander Wall, South End Press, Cambridge, MA, 1988
Blue by Day, White by Night: Organized White Supremacist Groups in Law Enforcement Agencies by Michael Novick, People Against Racist Terror (PART), PO BOX 1990, Burbank, CA 91507, Revised and Updated, February 1993
Break-ins, Death Threats and the FBI: The Covert War Against the Central America Movement by Ross Gelbspan, Cambridge, MA, South End Press, 1991
Challenging the Secret Government: The Post-Watergate Investigations of the CIA and FBI by Kathryn S. Olmsted, Chapel Hill, The University of North Carolina Press, 1996
The COINTELPRO Papers: Documents From the FBI's Secret Wars Against Dissent in the United States by Ward Churchill and Jim Vander Wall, Cambridge, MA, South End Press 1990, 2002
COINTELPRO: The FBI's Secret War on Political Freedom by Nelson Blackstock, New York, Pathfinder Press, 1988
COINTELPRO: The FBI's Secret War on Political Freedom, Exclusive Documents from Illegal Counterintelligence Programs the government was forced to reveal, edited by Cathy Perkus, Introduction by Noam Chomsky, New York, Monad Press, 1975
FBI Secrets: An Agent's Exposé by M. Wesley Swearingen, South End Press, 1995
The FBI v. The First Amendment by Richard Criley, First Amendment Foundation, Los Angeles, 1990.
In the Spirit of Crazy Horse by Peter Matthiessen, New York, Viking Press, 1991
It Did Happen Here: Recollections of Political Repression in America by Bud Schultz and Ruth Schultz, Berkeley University of California Press, 1989
Protectors of Privilege: Red Squads and Police Repression in Urban America by Frank Donner, University of California Press, Berkeley, 1992
Secrets: The CIA’s War at Home by Angus Mackenzie, Berkeley, University of California Press, 1999
State Secrets by Paul Cowan, Nick Egleson, and Nat Hentoff, New York, Holt, Rinehart and Winston, 1973
There’s Something Happening Here: The New Left, the Klan, and FBI Counterintelligence by David Cunningham, Berkeley, University of California Press, 2005.
War at Home: Covert Action Against U.S. Activists and What We Can Do About It by Brian Glick, South End Press, 1999
Articles
Churchill, Ward and Jim Vander Wall, “COINTELPRO Against the Black Panthers: The Case of Geronimo Pratt,” Covert Action Information Bulletin, No. 31, January 1989
Goldstein, Robert Justin, “The FBI's Forty Year Plot,” The Nation, No. 227, July 1, 1978
Goldstein, Robert Justin, “An American Gulag? Summary Arrest and Emergency Detention of Political Dissidents in the United States,” Columbia Human Rights Law Review, No. 10, 1978
Gary T. Marx, “Thoughts on a Neglected Category of Social Movement Participant: The Agent Provocateur and the Informant,” American Journal of Sociology, vol. 80, no. 2 (September 1974)
National Lawyer's Guild, Counterintelligence: A Documentary Look at America's Political Police, Volume One, Chicago, 1978.
Government Reports
Final Report of the Select Committee to Study Governmental Operations with Respect to Intelligence Activities of the United States Senate, Ninety Fourth Congress, First Session, U.S. Government Printing Office, No. 94-755, April 14, 1976, Volumes 1–6
Hearings Before the Select Committee to Study Governmental Operations with Respect to Intelligence Activities of the United States Senate, Ninety Fourth Congress, First Session, U.S. Government Printing Office, Sept. 16–Dec. 5, 1975, Volumes 1–7
https://sites.google.com/site/cointelpr ... ther-partyCOINTELPRO Docs Search this site
The FBI's Covert Action Program to Destroy the Black Panther Party
AUTHOR: US Senate, Select Committee to Study Governmental Operations with Respect to Intelligence Activities ("Church Committee")
TITLE: Final Report - Book III: Supplementary Detailed Staff Reports on Intelligence Activities and the Rights of Americans
DATE: 23 April 1976
PAGES: 185-223
TRANSCRIBED BY: Paul Wolf
CONTENTS
INTRODUCTION
A. The Effort to Promote Violence Between the Black Panther Party and Other Well-Armed, Potentially Violent Organizations
1. The Effort to Promote Violence Between the Black Panther Party and the United Slaves (US), Inc.
2. The Effort To Promote Violence Between the Blackstone Rangers and the Black Panther Party
B. The Effort To Disrupt the Black Panther Party by Promoting Internal Dissension
1. General Efforts to Disrupt the Black Panther Party Membership
2. FBI Role in the Newton-Cleaver Rift
C. Covert Efforts To Undermine Support of the Black Panther Party and to Destroy the Party's Public Image
1. Efforts To Discourage and To Discredit Supporters of the Black Panthers
2. Efforts To Promote Criticism of the Black Panthers in the Mass Media and To Prevent the Black Panther Party and Its Sympathizers from Expressing Their Views
D. Cooperation Between the Federal Bureau of Investigation and Local Police Departments in Disrupting the Black Panther Party
↩ INTRODUCTION
In August 1967, the FBI initiated a covert action program -- COINTELPRO -- to disrupt and "neutralize" organizations which the Bureau characterized as "Black Nationalist Hate Groups." [1] The FBI memorandum expanding the program described its goals as:
1. Prevent a coalition of militant black nationalist groups....
2. Prevent the rise of a messiah who could unify and electrify the militant nationalist movement ... Martin Luther King, Stokely Carmichael and Elijah Muhammad all aspire to this position....
3. Prevent violence on the part of black nationalist groups....
4. Prevent militant black nationalist groups and leaders from gaining respectability by discrediting them....
5. . . . prevent the long-range growth of militant black nationalist organizations, especially among youth. [2]
The targets of this nationwide program to disrupt "militant black nationalist organizations" included groups such as the Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC), the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC), the Revolutionary Action Movement (RAM), and the Nation of Islam (NOI). It was expressly directed against such leaders as Martin Luther King, Jr., Stokley Carmichael, H. Rap Brown, Maxwell Stanford, and Elijah Muhammad.
The Black Panther Party (BPP) was not among the original "Black Nationalist" targets. In September 1968, however, FBI Director J. Edgar Hoover described the Panthers as:
"the greatest threat to the internal security of the country.
"Schooled in the Marxist-Leninist ideology and the teaching of Chinese Communist leader Mao Tse-tung, its members have perpetrated numerous assaults on police officers and have engaged in violent confrontations with police throughout the country. Leaders and representatives of the Black Panther Party travel extensively all over the, United States preaching their gospel of hate and violence not only to ghetto residents, but to students in colleges, universities and high schools is well." [3]
By July 1969, the Black Panthers had become the primary focus of the program, and was ultimately the target of 233 of the total authorized "Black Nationalist" COINTELPRO actions. [4]
Although the claimed purpose of the Bureau's COINTELPRO tactics was to prevent violence, some of the FBI's tactics against the BPP were clearly intended to foster violence, and many others could reasonably have been expected to cause violence. For example, the FBI's efforts to "intensify the degree of animosity" between the BPP and the Blackstone Rangers, a Chicago street gang, included sending an anonymous letter to the gang's leader falsely informing him that the the Chicago Panthers had "a hit out" on him. [5] The stated intent of the letter was to induce the Ranger leader to "take reprisals against" the Panther leadership. [6]
Similarly, in Southern California, the FBI launched a covert effort to "create further dissension in the ranks of the BPP." [7] This effort included mailing anonymous letters and caricatures to BPP members ridiculing the local and national BPP leadership for the express purpose of exacerbating an existing "gang war" between the BPP and an organization called the United Slaves (US). This "gang war" resulted in the killing of four BPP members by members of US and in numerous beatings and shootings. Although individual incidents in this dispute cannot be directly traced to efforts by the FBI, FBI officials were clearly aware of the violent nature of the dispute, engaged in actions which they hoped would prolong and intensify the dispute, and proudly claimed credit for violent clashes between the rival factions which. in the words of one FBI official, resulted in "shootings, beatings, and a high degree of unrest in the area of southeast San Diego." [8]
James Adams, Deputy Associate Director of the FBI's Intelligence Division, told the Committee:
None of our programs have contemplated violence, and the instructions prohibit it, and the record of turndowns of recommended actions in some instances specifically say that we do not approve this action because if we take it it could result in harm to the individual. [9]
But the Committee's record suggests otherwise. For example, in May 1970, after US organization members had already killed four BPP members, the Special Agent in Charge of the Los Angeles FBI office wrote to FBI headquarters:
Information received from local sources indicate that, in general, the membership of the Los Angeles BPP is physically afraid of US members and take premeditated precautions to avoid confrontations.
In view of their anxieties, it is not presently felt that the Los Angeles BPP can be prompted into what could result in an internecine struggle between the two organizations. . . .
The Los Angeles Division is aware of the mutually hostile feelings harbored between the organizations and the first opportunity to capitalize on the situation will be maximized. It is intended that US Inc. will be appropriately and discreetly advised of the time and location of BPP activities in order that the two organizations might be brought together and thus grant nature the opportunity to take her due course. [Emphasis added.] [10]
This report focuses solely on the FBI's counterintelligence program to disrupt and "neutralize" the Black Panther Party. It does not examine the reasonableness of the basis for the FBI's investigation of the BPP or seek to justify either the politics, the rhetoric, or the actions of the BPP. This report does demonstrate, however, that the chief investigative branch of the Federal Government, which was charged by law with investigating crimes and preventing criminal conduct, itself engaged in lawless tactics and responded to deep-seated social problems by fomenting violence and unrest
http://www.whale.to/b/wolf_coin.htmlFBI COINTELPRO: The Untold American Story
By Paul Wolf
http://www.whale.to/b/wall_b1.htmlThe COINTELPRO Papers: Documents from the FBI's Secret War Against Domestic Dissent
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