List of U.S. foreign interventions

by **DrDebugDU** » Wed Jul 20, 2005 10:24 am

This is basically an extension of the CIA list ( <a href="http://p097.ezboard.com/frigorousintuitionfrm9.showMessageRange?topicID=3.topic&start=1&stop=20">p097.ezboard.com/frigorou...=1&stop=20</a> ) which includes further detail for most operations. The Indian wars are not included in the list. 1840-1845 Texas Battles of the Republic - Texas Republic - clashes between Texas Rangers and the Mexican Army/Indians. (1) 1846-1848 Mexico The U.S., fulfilling the doctrine of Manifest Destiny, goes to war with Mexico and ends up with a third of Mexico's territory. (2) Old Mexico, California, New Mexico and Texas — this conflict between the United States and Mexico resulted from the annexation of Texas by the United States in 1845. 35,000 U.S. Army troops and 73,000 state volunteers fought in this war. Most volunteer regiments were from southern states such as Louisiana, Missouri, Tennessee and Texas. (1) 1850-1857 Nicaragua U.S. interventions in Nicaragua. (2) Primarily a Naval War In 1855 Tennessee adventurer William Walker and his mercenaries take over Nicaragua, institute forced labor, and legalize slavery. He's ousted two years later by a Central American coalition largely inspired by Cornelius Vanderbilt, whose trade Walker was infringing. (2) 1856 Panama First of five U.S. interventions in Panama to protect the Atlantic-Pacific railroad from Panamanian nationalists. (2) 1898-1902 Cuba, Philippines, Guam, Puerto Rico Cuba and the Philippine Islands — war between the United States and Spain that was largely fought in Cuba and the Philippine Islands. In the end the United States acquired Puerto Rico and Guam and bought the Philippines. Cuba became independent. The war was fought by U.S. regular forces and state volunteers. About 250,000 enlisted men and 11,000 officers served in this conflict. Most volunteers came from the states of Illinois, New York, Ohio and Pennsylvania (1) (3) 1898 Hawaii On 4 May 1989, a joint resolution was introduced into the U.S. House of Representatives, with the support of President William McKinley, calling for the annexation of Hawaii. On 8 July the US acquired Hawaii. 1900-1901 China Between May 1900-May 1901 the Boxer Rebellion was fought in China. It was a combined effort of the US with Japan, Austria-Hungaria, Britain, France, Germany, Italy and Russia. (19) 1903 Cuba The Platt Amendment inserted into the Cuban constitution grants the U.S. the right to intervene when it sees fit. (2) 1903 Colombia / Panama When negotiations with Colombia break down, the U.S. sends ten warships to back a rebellion in Panama in order to acquire the land for the Panama Canal. The Frenchman Philippe Bunau-Varilla negotiates the Canal Treaty and writes Panama's constitution. (2) 1904 Dominican Republic U.S. sends customs agents to take over finances of the Dominican Republic to assure payment of its external debt. (2) 1905 Mexico U.S. Marines help Mexican dictator Porfirio Díaz crush a strike in Sonora (2) 1905 Honduras U.S. troops land in Honduras for the first of 5 times in next 20 years. (2) 1906 Cuba Marines occupy Cuba for two years in order to prevent a civil war. (2) 1907 Honduras Marines intervene in Honduras to settle a war with Nicaragua. (2) 1908 Panama U.S. troops intervene in Panama for first of 4 times in next decade. (2) 1909 Nicaragua Liberal President José Santos Zelaya of Nicaragua proposes that American mining and banana companies pay taxes; he has also appropriated church lands and legalized divorce, done business with European firms, and executed two Americans for participating in a rebellion. Forced to resign through U.S. pressure. The new president, Adolfo Díaz, is the former treasurer of an American mining company. (2) 1910-1925 Nicaragua In 1910 U.S. Marines occupy Nicaragua to help support the Díaz regime. In 1912 Nicaragua is occupied again by the U.S., to shore up the inept Díaz government. An election is called to resolve the crisis: there are 4000 eligible voters, and one candidate, Díaz. The U.S. maintains troops and advisors in the country until 1925. 1911 Honduras The Liberal regime of Miguel Dávila in Honduras has irked the State Department by being too friendly with Zelaya and by getting into debt with Britain. He is overthrown by former president Manuel Bonilla, aided by American banana tycoon Sam Zemurray and American mercenary Lee Christmas, who becomes commander-in-chief of the Honduran army. (2) 1912 Cuba U.S. Marines intervene in Cuba to put down a rebellion of sugar workers. (2) 1914 Mexico President Woodrow Wilson became hostile to the Huerta administration, recalled ambassador Henry Lane Wilson, and demanded Huerta step aside for democratic elections. Members of a U.S. Navy ship were arrested in April 1914 by Victoriano Huerta, Mexican dictator. The sailors were released but Huerta further insulted the U.S. over failure to deliver an apology. President Wilson landed US troops to take over Mexico's most important seaport, Veracruz. Huerta abdicated and the conflict ended. (20) 1915-1934 Haiti U.S. Marines occupy Haiti to restore order, and establish a protectorate which lasts till 1934. The president of Haiti is barred from the U.S. Officers' Club in Port-au-Prince, because he is black. (2) 1916-1924 Dominican Republic Marines occupy the Dominican Republic, staying till 1924. (2) 1916-1917 USA/Mexico In 1911, with U.S. support, Villa helped defeat the federal army of Porfirio Díaz in favour of Francisco I. Madero. On March 9, 1916, Villa led 1,500 Mexican raiders in a cross-border attack against Columbus, New Mexico and killed 17 Americans. This was the only military attack on or invasion of the continental United States by a foreign state or foreigner in the 20th century. U.S. President Woodrow Wilson responded by sending 12,000 troops, under General John J. Pershing, into Mexico on March 15 to pursue Villa. The expedition to capture Villa was called off as a failure on January 28, 1917 (21) 1917-1918 World War I Europe - the United States entered World War I in April 1917. Over 4.7 million men and women served in the regular U.S. forces, national guard units, and draft units. There were 53,402 killed in action, 63,114 deaths from disease and other causes, and about 205,000 wounded. Illinois, New York, Ohio, and Pennsylvania furnished the most soldiers. (1) 1917 Cuba Marines intervene again in Cuba, to guarantee sugar exports during WWI. (2) 1918 Panama U.S. Marines occupy Panamanian province of Chiriqui for two years to maintain public order. (2) 1925 Panama U.S. Army troops occupy Panama City to break a rent strike and keep order. (2) 1926 Nicaragua Marines, out of Nicaragua for less than a year, occupy the country again, to settle a volatile political situation. Secretary of State Kellogg describes a "Nicaraguan-Mexican-Soviet" conspiracy to inspire a "Mexican-Bolshevist hegemony" within striking distance of the Canal. (2) 1932 El Salvador The U.S. rushes warships to El Salvador in response to a communist-led uprising. President Martínez, however, prefers to put down the rebellion with his own forces, killing over 8000 people (the rebels had killed about 100) (2) 1933 Cuba Roosevelt sends warships to Cuba to intimidate Gerardo Machado y Morales, who is massacring the people to put down nationwide strikes and riots. Machado resigns. The first provisional government lasts only 17 days; the second Roosevelt finds too left-wing and refuses to recognize. A pro-Machado counter-coup is put down by Fulgencio Batista, who with Roosevelt's blessing becomes Cuba's new strongman. (2) 1934 Nicaragua Sandino assassinated by agents of Somoza, with U.S. approval. Somoza assumes the presidency of Nicaragua two years later. To block his ascent, Secretary of State Cordell Hull explains, would be to intervene in the internal affairs of Nicaragua. (2) 1936 Panama U.S. relinquishes rights to unilateral intervention in Panama. (2) 1941-1945 World War II Europe, Africa, Asia and the Pacific - over 16.5 million men and women served in the armed forces during World War II with 291,557 dead in battle, 113,842 dying from other causes, and 670,846 wounded. (1) 1941 Panama Ricardo Adolfo de la Guardia deposes Panamanian president Arias in a military coup-- first clearing it with the U.S. Ambassador. (2) 1944 El Salvador The dictator Maximiliano Hernández Martínez of El Salvador is ousted by a revolution; the interim government is overthrown five months later by the dictator's former chief of police. The U.S.'s immediate recognition of the new dictator does much to tarnish Roosevelt's Good Neighbor policy in the eyes of Latin Americans. (2) 1945 West Germany Occupation and rebuilding of West Germany after World War II. Merged US occupation zone with the French and British zones to form the Federal Republic of Germany in 1949. (4) 1945-1954 Vietnam Funding of French Indochina War from 1945 until 1954. (4) 1947 Greece (CIA) President Truman requests military aid to Greece to support right-wing forces fighting communist rebels. For the rest of the Cold War, Washington and the CIA will back notorious Greek leaders with deplorable human rights records. (5) 1948 Italy (CIA) The CIA corrupts democratic elections in Italy, where Italian communists threaten to win the elections. The CIA buys votes, broadcasts propaganda, threatens and beats up opposition leaders, and infiltrates and disrupts their organizations. It works -- the communists are defeated. (5) 1949 Greece The USA backs a military coup in Greece and helps the new government set up a secret police, the KYP. The military would rule until 1952. (35) 1940s China U.S. financial and military support of the Republic of China, that began during the Sino-Japanese War and through World War II, continued against the People's Liberation Army. (4) 1950-1953 Korea Korean Peninsula - conflict between North and South Korea involving the United Nations and United States military forces. About six million U.S. servicemen were sent to the conflict with 160,000 casualties. (1) 1953 Iran (CIA + SIS) CIA (together with the British SIS) overthrows the democratically elected Mohammed Mossadegh in a military coup, after he threatened to nationalize British oil. The CIA replaces him with a dictator, the Shah of Iran, whose secret police, SAVAK, is as brutal as the Gestapo. (5) 1953 Guyana (UK/US) The UK (with help from the USA) overthrows the democratically elected government of Cheddi Jagan in British Guyana. Jagan would win 3 elections in 11 years and each time the two powers would prevent him from taking office using techniques like strikes, terrorism, legal challenges and disinformation. The new regime ensured the flow of cheap sugar and bauxite (an ore of aluminium) continued to the UK. (35) 1954 Guatemala (CIA) CIA overthrows the democratically elected Jacob Arbenz in a military coup. Arbenz has threatened to nationalize the Rockefeller-owned United Fruit Company, in which CIA Director Allen Dulles also owns stock. Arbenz is replaced with a series of right-wing dictators whose bloodthirsty policies will kill over 100,000 Guatemalans in the next 40 years. (5) 1955-1975 Vietnam North and South Vietnam - conflict between North and South Vietnam involving United States forces. This conflict involved nine million servicemen who suffered 200,000 casualties. (1) 1956 Hungary (CIA) Radio Free Europe incites Hungary to revolt by broadcasting Khruschev’s Secret Speech, in which he denounced Stalin. It also hints that American aid will help the Hungarians fight. This aid fails to materialize as Hungarians launch a doomed armed revolt, which only invites a major Soviet invasion. The conflict kills 7,000 Soviets and 30,000 Hungarians. (5) 1956 Tibet (CIA) fter the Chinese bombing of ancient monasteries at Chatreng and Litang that housed thousands of civilans in 1956 which violated the Plan for the Peaceful Liberation of Tibet, the CIA aided Chushi Gandrug and Tensung Dhanglang Magar's resistance movement. (4) 1957-1973 Laos (CIA) The CIA carries out approximately one coup per year trying to nullify Laos’ democratic elections. The problem is the Pathet Lao, a leftist group with enough popular support to be a member of any coalition government. In the late 50s, the CIA even creates an "Armee Clandestine" of Asian mercenaries to attack the Pathet Lao. After the CIA’s army suffers numerous defeats, the U.S. starts bombing, dropping more bombs on Laos than all the U.S. bombs dropped in World War II. A quarter of all Laotians will eventually become refugees, many living in caves. (5) 1957 Haiti The U.S. military helps "Papa Doc" Duvalier become dictator of Haiti. He creates his own private police force, the "Tonton Macoutes," who terrorize the population with machetes. They will kill over 100,000 during the Duvalier family reign. The U.S. does not protest their dismal human rights record. (5) 1958 Lebanon Lebanon crisis of 1958: The US assisted President Camille Chamoun when Pan-Arbists advocated by Egypt's president, Gamal Abdel Nasser, attempted to overthrow the Lebanese government. (4) 1959-1960 Cuba (CIA) Operation 40 gets established by the CIA, an assassination group directed against Cuba. On 4th March, 1960, La Coubre, a ship flying a Belgian flag, exploded in Havana Bay as the first successful act of Operation 40 (6) 1959 Iraq (CIA+SIS) Two assasination attempts of general Abdul Karim Qassim, president of Iraq, 1959 and 1963 (the second one succeeded) (4) 1960 El Salvador A new junta in El Salvador promises free elections; Eisenhower, fearing leftist tendencies, withholds recognition. A more attractive right-wing counter-coup comes along in three months. (2) 1960 Cuba (CIA) In March 1960, President Dwight Eisenhower of the United States approved a Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) plan to overthrow Fidel Castro. The plan involved a budget of $13 million* to train "a paramilitary force outside Cuba for guerrilla action." The strategy was organised by Richard Bissell and Richard Helms. (7) 1960 Guatemala Guatemalan officers attempt to overthrow the regime of Presidente Fuentes; Eisenhower stations warships and 2000 Marines offshore while Fuentes puts down the revolt. (Another source says that the U.S. provided air support for Fuentes.) (2) 1961 Cuba (CIA) Operation Zapata was a failed attempt to overthrow the Cuba Government. On April 17, 1961, the invasion was carried by 1400 Cuban exiles known as Brigade 2506. The intent of the attack was to take a beachhead at Bahia de Cochinos (Bay of Pigs), establish a government, and gain U.S. recognition. Operation Zapata was a failure and became known as the "Bay of Pigs" invasion. (22) 1961 Dominican Republic (CIA) The CIA assassinates Rafael Trujillo, a murderous dictator Washington has supported since 1930. Trujillo’s business interests have grown so large (about 60 percent of the economy) that they have begun competing with American business interests. (5) 1961 Ecuador (CIA) The CIA-backed military forces the democratically elected President Jose Velasco to resign. Vice President Carlos Arosemana replaces him; the CIA fills the now vacant vice presidency with its own man. 1961 Congo/Zaire (CIA) The CIA assassinates the democratically elected Patrice Lumumba. However, public support for Lumumba’s politics runs so high that the CIA cannot clearly install his opponents in power. Four years of political turmoil follow. 1961 Cuba (CIA) Operation Northwoods is an operation to justify the invasion of Cuba. As a method of justification it discusses the use of staging terror like hijacking airplanes and then blaming Cuba for the terrorist attacks. ( 8 ) 1961 Cuba (CIA) In November 1961 William Harvey was ordered to activate an assassination plot against Fidel Castro. This became part of what became known as the ZR/RIFLE project. Harvey decided to transfer David Sanchez Morales from Mexico City to the JM WAVE station. Johnny Roselli was also recruited into the project. (15) 1962 Brazil (CIA) CIA engages in campaign in Brazil to keep João Goulart from achieving control of Congress. (5) 1963 Dominican Republic (CIA) The CIA overthrows the democratically elected Juan Bosch in a military coup. The CIA installs a repressive, right-wing junta. (5) 1963 Guatemala A far-right-wing coup in Guatemala, apparently U.S.-supported, forestalls elections in which "extreme leftist" Juan José Arévalo was favored to win. (2) 1963 Ecuador (CIA) A CIA-backed military coup overthrows President Arosemana, whose independent (not socialist) policies have become unacceptable to Washington. A military junta assumes command, cancels the 1964 elections, and begins abusing human rights. (5) 1963 South Vietnam U.S. backs coup against South Vietnamese President Ngo Dinh Diem in 1963 (9) 1963-1964 Guyana (CIA/UK) 1963 to 1964 was known as "The Disturbances" by the British. The UK and the USA started to destabilize Guyana. The US provided intelligence and infiltration (American Institute for Free Labor Development) while the British brought in brute force. The riots and violence ultimately brought down the government of Cheddi Jagan. (23) 1964 Brazil (CIA) A CIA-backed military coup overthrows the democratically elected government of Joao Goulart. The junta that replaces it will, in the next two decades, become one of the most bloodthirsty in history. General Castelo Branco will create Latin America’s first death squads, or bands of secret police who hunt down "communists" for torture, interrogation and murder. Often these "communists" are no more than Branco’s political opponents. Later it is revealed that the CIA trains the death squads. (5) 1964 Chile (CIA) CIA covert support for the election of Eduardo Frei Montalva of Chile in 1964. (4) 1965 Indonesia (CIA) The CIA overthrows the democratically elected Sukarno with a military coup. The CIA has been trying to eliminate Sukarno since 1957, using everything from attempted assassination to sexual intrigue, for nothing more than his declaring neutrality in the Cold War. His successor, General Suharto, will massacre between 500,000 to 1 million civilians accused of being "communist." The CIA supplies the names of countless suspects. (5) 1965 Dominican Republic (CIA) A popular rebellion breaks out, promising to reinstall Juan Bosch as the country’s elected leader. The revolution is crushed when U.S. Marines land to uphold the military regime by force. The CIA directs everything behind the scenes. (5) 1965 Greece (CIA) With the CIA’s backing, the king removes George Papandreous as prime minister. Papandreous has failed to vigorously support U.S. interests in Greece. (5) 1965 Congo/Zaire (CIA) A CIA-backed military coup installs Mobutu Sese Seko as dictator. The hated and repressive Mobutu exploits his desperately poor country for billions. (5) 1966 Guatemala U.S. sends arms, advisors, and Green Berets to Guatemala to implement a counterinsurgency campaign. (2) 1966 Ghana (CIA) CIA support to military coup against Ghanaian leader Kwame Nkrumah in 1966 (4) 1967 Greece A CIA-backed military coup overthrows the government two days before the elections. The favorite to win was George Papandreous, the liberal candidate. During the next six years, the "reign of the colonels" — backed by the CIA — will usher in the widespread use of torture and murder against political opponents. When a Greek ambassador objects to President Johnson about U.S. plans for Cypress, Johnson tells him: "Fuck your parliament and your constitution." (5) 1967-1971 Vietnam (CIA) Operation PHEONIX — The CIA helps South Vietnamese agents identify and then murder alleged Viet Cong leaders operating in South Vietnamese villages. According to a 1971 congressional report, this operation killed about 20,000 "Viet Cong." (5) 1967 Israel American support for Israel in the 1967 Six-Day War. (4) 1968 Bolivia (CIA) A team of Green Berets is sent to Bolivia to help find and assassinate Che Guevara. (2) The CIA wants to keep him alive for interrogation, but the Bolivian government executes him to prevent worldwide calls for clemency. (4) 1968 Mexico (CIA)  The Tlatelolco massacre was the killing of 200-300 students by the Mexican Army on the night of October 2, 1968 in Mexico City. The CIA was tracking the students daily and six days before the massacre the CIA station was told by President Luis Echeverría Álvarez and the head of Federal Security, Fernando Gutiérrez Barrios that "the situation will be under complete control very shortly" (24) 1968 El Salvador (CIA) Gen. José Alberto Medrano, who is on the payroll of the CIA, organizes the ORDEN paramilitary force, considered the precursor of El Salvador's death squads. (2) 1969 Uruguay (CIA) The notorious CIA torturer Dan Mitrione arrives in Uruguay, a country torn with political strife. Whereas right-wing forces previously used torture only as a last resort, Mitrione convinces them to use it as a routine, widespread practice. "The precise pain, in the precise place, in the precise amount, for the desired effect," is his motto. The torture techniques he teaches to the death squads rival the Nazis’. He eventually becomes so feared that revolutionaries will kidnap and murder him a year later. (4) 1970 Cambodia (CIA) The CIA overthrows Prince Sahounek, who is highly popular among Cambodians for keeping them out of the Vietnam War. He is replaced by CIA puppet Lon Nol, who immediately throws Cambodian troops into battle. This unpopular move strengthens once minor opposition parties like the Khmer Rouge, which achieves power in 1975 and massacres millions of its own people. (5) 1970 Chile (CIA) Salvador Allende Gossens elected in Chile. Suspends foreign loans, nationalizes foreign companies. For the phone system, pays ITT the company's minimized valuation for tax purposes. The CIA provides covert financial support for Allende's opponents, both during and after his election. (2) 1971 Bolivia (CIA) After half a decade of CIA-inspired political turmoil, a CIA-backed military coup overthrows the leftist President Juan Torres. In the next two years, dictator Hugo Banzer will have over 2,000 political opponents arrested without trial, then tortured, raped and executed. (5) 1971 Pakistan In December 1971 a military conflict, the Indo-Pakistani War, between India and Pakistan erupts. The United States, an allie of Pakistan continues to ship arms and supplies. India on the other hand is backed by the UK and France. Pakistan starts the war by launcing air strikes on Indian airfields. India retaliated by attacking the Karachi's port. George H.W. Bush protests the Indian move as an "act of aggression" at the UN Security Council. (25) 1972 El Salvador U.S. stands by as military suspends an election in El Salvador in which centrist José Napoleón Duarte was favored to win. (Compare with the emphasis placed on the 1982 elections.) (2) 1973 Chile (CIA) The CIA overthrows and assassinates Salvador Allende, Latin America’s first democratically elected socialist leader. The problems begin when Allende nationalizes American-owned firms in Chile. ITT offers the CIA $1 million for a coup (reportedly refused). The CIA replaces Allende with General Augusto Pinochet, who will torture and murder thousands of his own countrymen in a crackdown on labor leaders and the political left. (5) 1973 Uruguay Military takes power in Uruguay, supported by U.S. The subsequent repression reportedly features the world's highest percentage of the population imprisoned for political reasons. (2) 1975 Australia (CIA) The CIA helps topple the democratically elected, left-leaning government of Prime Minister Edward Whitlam. The CIA does this by giving an ultimatum to its Governor-General, John Kerr. Kerr, a longtime CIA collaborator, exercises his constitutional right to dissolve the Whitlam government. The Governor-General is a largely ceremonial position appointed by the Queen; the Prime Minister is democratically elected. The use of this archaic and never-used law stuns the nation. (5) 1975 Angola (CIA) Eager to demonstrate American military resolve after its defeat in Vietnam, Henry Kissinger launches a CIA- backed war in Angola. Contrary to Kissinger’s assertions, Angola is a country of little strategic importance and not seriously threatened by communism. The CIA backs the brutal leader of UNITAS, Jonas Savimbi. This polarizes Angolan politics and drives his opponents into the arms of Cuba and the Soviet Union for survival. Congress will cut off funds in 1976, but the CIA is able to run the war off the books until 1984, when funding is legalized again. This entirely pointless war kills over 300,000 Angolans. (5) 1975 East Timor Support for Indonesian invasion and occupation of Portuguese Timor (now East Timor). The day before the invasion and annexation, President Gerald Ford and Henry Kissinger met with President Suharto in Jakarta where Ford made clear that "we will not press you on the issue.". The US and Australia continued to ship arms to Indonesia. (26) 1976 Chile (CIA) On September 21, 1976, Orlando Letelier, the exiled Chilean diplomat and prominent critic of the CIA-backed Pinochet regime was torn to pieces by a car bomb on the streets of Washington, D.C. (17) 1976-1983 Argentine Approval and support for Argentina's "Dirty War". (1976-1983) (4) 1979 Afghanistan (CIA/ISI/Saudi) The CIA, the Pakistani ISI and Saudi Arabia begin to setup a resistance network to lure the Soviets into invading Afghanistan. The plan succeeds and the next years the CIA are funding and arming the Mujahideen ( 28 ) 1979 El Salvador (CIA) An idealistic group of young military officers, repulsed by the massacre of the poor, overthrows the right-wing government. However, the U.S. compels the inexperienced officers to include many of the old guard in key positions in their new government. Soon, things are back to "normal" — the military government is repressing and killing poor civilian protesters. Many of the young military and civilian reformers, finding themselves powerless, resign in disgust. (5) 1979 Nicaragua (CIA) Anastasios Samoza II, the CIA-backed dictator, falls. The Marxist Sandinistas take over government, and they are initially popular because of their commitment to land and anti-poverty reform. Samoza had a murderous and hated personal army called the National Guard. Remnants of the Guard will become the Contras, who fight a CIA- backed guerilla war against the Sandinista government throughout the 1980s. (5) 1979-1993 Cambodia (US/UK) Support of armed opposition parties, including Khmer Rouge, to Vietnamese-installed regime of Heng Samrin in Cambodia, 1979–1993. (4) 1980 El Salvador (CIA) The Archbishop of San Salvador, Oscar Romero, pleads with President Carter "Christian to Christian" to stop aiding the military government slaughtering his people. Carter refuses. Shortly afterwards, right-wing leader Roberto D’Aubuisson has Romero shot through the heart while saying Mass. The country soon dissolves into civil war, with the peasants in the hills fighting against the military government. The CIA and U.S. Armed Forces supply the government with overwhelming military and intelligence superiority. CIA-trained death squads roam the countryside, committing atrocities like that of El Mazote in 1982, where they massacre between 700 and 1000 men, women and children. By 1992, some 63,000 Salvadorans will be killed. (5) 1980 Honduras U.S., seeking a stable base for its actions in El Salvador and Nicaragua, tells the Honduran military to clean up its act and hold elections. The U.S. starts pouring in $100 million of aid a year and basing the contras on Honduran territory. Death squads are also active in Honduras, and the contras tend to act as a state within a state. (2) 1980-1989 Iraq Sale of small arms and weapons production materials to Iraq during the Iran-Iraq War (4) 1980 Italy (CIA/P-2) Bombing of the railway station in Bologna in 1980. The goal of this "strategy of tension" was to convince Italian voters that the left was violent and dangerous-by helping make it so. (16) 1980 South Korea (CIA) Top officials in the Carter Administration approved plans by former South Korean president Chun Doo Hwan to use military units against pro-democracy student demonstrations in May 1980. The atrocities which followed are known as Gwangju massacre. (31) 1981 Nicaragua (CIA) The CIA steps in to organize the contras in Nicaragua, who started the previous year as a group of 60 ex-National Guardsmen; by 1985 there are about 12,000 of them. 46 of the 48 top military leaders are ex-Guardsmen. The U.S. also sets up an economic embargo of Nicaragua and pressures the IMF and the World Bank to limit or halt loans to Nicaragua. (2) 1981 Seychelles (CIA) In 1981, Seychelles experienced a failed coup attempt by Mike Hoare and a team of mercenaries. The UN Security Council in 1982, concluded that South African defence agencies had been involved in the attempted takeover, including supplying weapons and ammunition. (29) South Africa, backed by the CIA, fails in an attempt to mount a coup against the government of the Seychelles. The country's leader, France Albert René, had persued a non-aligned foreign policy, wanted to have a nuclear free Indian Ocean, and objected to a USA satellite tracking station on the islands. (30) 1982 Panama (CIA) Gen. Torrijos of Panama is killed in a plane crash. There is a suspicion of CIA involvement, due to Torrijos' nationalism and friendly relations with Cuba. (4) 1982 Lebanon American support for Israel in the 1982 Lebanon War. (4) 1982 Guatemala A coup brings Gen. Efraín Ríos Montt to power in Guatemala, and gives the Reagan administration the opportunity to increase military aid. Ríos Montt's evangelical beliefs do not prevent him from accelerating the counterinsurgency campaign. (2) 1982 Chad (CIA) In 1981, the CIA had set up, financed and trained a Chadian military force in Sudan. Led by Hissen Habré, this force overthrows the government of Chad, ruling for 8 years with American support. (35) 1983-1986 Iran Sale of arms to Iran (see Iran–Contra Affair) (4) 1983 Honduras (CIA) The CIA gives Honduran military officers the Human Resource Exploitation Training Manual – 1983, which teaches how to torture people. Honduras’ notorious "Battalion 316" then uses these techniques, with the CIA’s full knowledge, on thousands of leftist dissidents. At least 184 are murdered. (5) 1983 Guatemala Another coup in Guatemala replaces Ríos Montt. The new President, Oscar Mejía Víctores, was trained by the U.S. and seems to have cleared his coup beforehand with U.S. authorities. (2) 1983 Grenada. U.S. troops take over tiny Grenada. Rather oddly, it intervenes shortly after a coup has overthrown the previous, socialist leader. One of the justifications for the action is the building of a new airport with Cuban help, which Granada claimed was for tourism and Reagan argued was for Soviet use. Later the U.S. announces plans to finish the airport... to develop tourism (2) 1984 Nicaragua (CIA) CIA mines three Nicaraguan harbors. Nicaragua takes this action to the World Court, which brings an $18 billion judgment against the U.S. The U.S. refuses to recognize the Court's jurisdiction in the case. (2) 1984 El Salvador U.S. spends $10 million* to orchestrate elections in El Salvador - something of a farce, since left-wing parties are under heavy repression, and the military has already declared that it will not answer to the elected president. (2) *Amounts differ between sources 1984 Costa Rica (CIA) Plot to bomb the American embassy and presidential offices in Costa Rica as a pretext for a full-scale U.S. invasion of Nicaragua. The plan was an offshoot of Operation Pegasus, the CIA's program of political assassinations. While theplot was not carried out, 8 people, mostly reporters were killed at La Penca, Costa Rica on May 30, 1984. ( 18 ) 1986 Haiti (CIA) Rising popular revolt in Haiti means that "Baby Doc" Duvalier will remain "President for Life" only if he has a short one. The U.S., which hates instability in a puppet country, flies the despotic Duvalier to the South of France for a comfortable retirement. The CIA then rigs the upcoming elections in favor of another right-wing military strongman. However, violence keeps the country in political turmoil for another four years. The CIA tries to strengthen the military by creating the National Intelligence Service (SIN), which suppresses popular revolt through torture and assassination. (5) 1987 Fiji Timoci Bavadra defeats the pro USA Prime Minister, Ratu Slr Kamese Mara, in Fiji after free elections. The new government supports a nuclear free South Pacific. The USA wanted its nuclear powered ships to use the country's ports. 32 days after this victory, Bavadra is overthrown by the pro-nuclear General Sitiveni Rabuka, with the help of the USA. The coup was greeted by a Pentagon source in the USA who told the Australian newspaper, the Sydney Morning Herald: "We're kinda delighted... All of a sudden our ships couldn't go to Fiji, and now all of a sudden they can". (32) 1989 Panama (CIA) The U.S. invades Panama to overthrow a dictator of its own making, General Manuel Noriega. Noriega has been on the CIA’s payroll since 1966, and has been transporting drugs with the CIA’s knowledge since 1972. By the late 80s, Noriega’s growing independence and intransigence have angered Washington… so out he goes. (10) 1990 Haiti (CIA) Competing against 10 comparatively wealthy candidates, leftist priest Jean-Bertrand Aristide captures 68 percent of the vote. After only eight months in power, however, the CIA-backed military deposes him. More military dictators brutalize the country, as thousands of Haitian refugees escape the turmoil in barely seaworthy boats. As popular opinion calls for Aristide’s return, the CIA begins a disinformation campaign painting the courageous priest as mentally unstable. (5) 1990 Bulgaria (NED/CIA) Corruption of elections in Bulgaria (11) 1990 Nicaragua (NED/CIA) Funding to the opposition presidential candidate, Violeta Barrios de Chamorro, in Sandinista-ruled Nicaragua. Chamorro won the election. (4) 1991 Albania (NED/CIA) Corruption of elections in Albania (11) 1991-1992 Iraq/Kuweit Persian Gulf War - The U.S. liberates Kuwait from Iraq. But Iraq’s dictator, Saddam Hussein, is another creature of the CIA. With U.S. encouragement, Hussein invaded Iran in 1980. During this costly eight-year war, the CIA built up Hussein’s forces with sophisticated arms, intelligence, training and financial backing. This cemented Hussein’s power at home, allowing him to crush the many internal rebellions that erupted from time to time, sometimes with poison gas. It also gave him all the military might he needed to conduct further adventurism — in Kuwait, for example. (5) 1993 Haiti (CIA) The chaos in Haiti grows so bad that President Clinton has no choice but to remove the Haitian military dictator, Raoul Cedras, on threat of U.S. invasion. The U.S. occupiers do not arrest Haiti’s military leaders for crimes against humanity, but instead ensure their safety and rich retirements. Aristide is returned to power only after being forced to accept an agenda favorable to the country’s ruling class. (5) 1994 Mexico (CIA) The USA gives Mexico millions of dollars of military aid to suppress the Zapatistas, a group demanding economic and social rights for the country's indigenous people. The media report that the aid is to fight drug trafficking. In violation of USA law, helicopters paid for by the aid, attack local communities with machine guns, rockets and bombs. Paramilitaries trained by the CIA carry out massacres and torture opponents. (33) 1995 Serbia NATO bombing of Bosnian Serbs, 1995. (4) 1998 Iraq U.S.-led bombing campaign, called Operation Desert Fox, against Iraq in enforcement of the UN designated No-Fly zones created to protect Kurds and Marsh Arabs, 1998. (4) 1998 Afghanistan and Sudan Operation Infinite Reach: a US cruise missile strike on terrorist bases and targets in Afghanistan and Sudan, including the Al-Shifa pharmaceutical factory, after al Qaeda bombed two US ebassies in 1998. (4) 1999 Serbia (NATO) NATO's bombing of Serbia in the Kosovo Conflict. Officially aimed at preventing ethnic cleansing of Albanians, 1999. During this bombing the Chinese embassy was hit. Some say this was done deliberately <a href="http://www.fair.org/activism/embassy-bombing.html">www.fair.org/activism/embassy-bombing.html</a>. (4) 2001 Afghanistan U.S. invasion of Afghanistan, overthrow of Taliban when the government refuse to deliver Al-Qaida leaders on the American terms located in the country after the September 11th attacks in 2001. (4) 2002 The Netherlands The Hague Invasion Act threatning to invade The Hague if a US citizen ever appears before the International Criminal Court (4) 2002 Venezuela A coup removes Hugo Chavez, the democratically elected president of Venezuala. Although he regains his position after 24 hours, the USA publicly welcomes his overthrow. The New York Times, reports that senior USA administration officials had met the business and military leaders behind the coup several times and had expressed an interest in Chavez being removed. Chavez had offended the USA by establishing good relations with Iraq and Cuba and by expressing sympathy with dissidents in Colombia who are being targeted by a USA backed military offensive. (34) 2003 Iraq U.S. Invasion of Iraq, overthrow of Saddam Hussein, 2003 (4) 2004 Haiti American support in the overthrow of President Jean-Bertrand Aristide of Haiti in 2004. (13) 2004 El Salvador Interference in Salvadoran presidential election. US threatened to take reprisals if the country would elect the socialist candidate Schafik Handal, 2004 (4) 2004 Equatorial Guinea (CIA/MI6/Spain) In March 2004, Obiang announced that there was a complex plot to overthrow him that involved the intelligence services of the United States, the United Kingdom and Spain. Shortly after 15 people were arrested in Equatorial Guinea in connection with a possible coup attempt, an airplane landed in Harare, Zimbabwe and was promptly detained by authorities. (14) Unverified The following coups are not been verified yet by other sources 1949 Syria The USA backs the military coup that deposes the elected government of Syria. Colonel Al-Zaim becomes dictator and his government is immediately recognised by the USA. The CIA assists in the suppression of political opposition. (35) Unverified 1952 Cuba A military coup occurs in Cuba. The elected government of Carlos Prio Socorras is deposed by Fulgencio Batista. The USA supports the new Cuban dictator who is a particularly brutal ruler. Under his regime, Cuba becomes a haven for drugs, gambling, vice and mobsters. USA business interests benefit. Freedom of speech is curtailed and hundreds of teachers, lawyers and public officials are fired from their jobs. Death squads torture and kill thousands of "communists". (35) Unverified 1953 Philippines Assassination and propaganda campaign to overcome Huk resistance and install government of Ramon Magsaysay. (36) Unverified 1960 South Korea Rigged elections in South Korea (a country armed and supported extensively by the USA) cause riots. The American backed Park Chung-Hee, an army general, takes power in a military coup. (35) Unverified 1964 Bolivia (CIA) The president of Bolivia, Victor Paz, is removed by a coup backed by the CIA. Bolivia had refused to support USA policies against Cuba. (35) Unverified 1972 Australia CIA corruption of the 1972 Australian election. (4) Unverified 1975 Portugal Overthrow government of General Vasco dos Santos Goncalves (36) Unverified 1976 Portugal Corruption of 1976 Portuguese Election (4) Unverified 1976 Jamaica Corruption of 1976 Jamaican Election (4) Strong indications, but no verification 1978 Italy (CIA/P-2) On March 16, 1978 Aldo Moro, Prime Minister of Italy, was kidnapped in via Fani (Rome) by the left-radical Red Brigades, led by Mario Moretti, after murdering all of the 5 escort agents ordered to protect Moro. After 55 days of detention, Moro was murdered in or near Rome on May 9. Indications are that it was the work of Operation Gladio, a joint operation of P-2 and the CIA (27) Strong indications, but no verification 1979 South Korea General Chun Doo-Hwan takes power in a coup in South Korea. His regime is armed and supported by the USA. One year later, the general orders the killing of hundreds of civilians in Kwangju. (35) Unverified 1979-1984 Jamaica Financial pressure to destabilize government of Michael Manley, and campaign propaganda and demonstrations to defeat it in elections. (36) Unverified 1979-1984 Yemen American intervention in civil war in Yemen, from 1979 - 1984 (4) Unverified 1980 Liberia In Liberia, the USA backed Samuel Doe takes power in a bloody coup. All opposition parties are barred from future elections. (35) Unverified 1980 Guyana Assassinate opposition leader Walter Rodney to consolidate power of government of Forbes Burnham. (36) Unverified 1980 Grenada Mercenary coup to overthrow government of Maurice Bishop. (36) Unverified 1982 Bolivia Military coup to overthrow government of Celso Torrelio. (36) Unverified 1986 Mozambique Alleged involvement in the mysterious death of Samora Machel, President of Mozambique (1986). (4) Unverified Sources (1) <a href="http://freepages.genealogy.rootsweb.com/~vanhornfamily/military.htm">freepages.genealogy.rootsweb.com/~vanhornfamily/military.htm</a> (2) <a href="http://www.zompist.com/latam.html">www.zompist.com/latam.html</a> (3) <a href="http://demopedia.democraticunderground.com/index.php/Spanish_American_War">demopedia.democraticunderground.com/index.php/Spanish_American_War</a> (4) <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List-of-U.S.-foreign-interventions-since-1945.htm">en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List-of-U.S.-foreign-interventions-since-1945.htm</a> (5) <a href="http://home.att.net/~Resurgence/CIAtimeline.html">home.att.net/~Resurgence/CIAtimeline.html</a> (6) <a href="http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/JFKoperation40.htm">www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/JFKoperation40.htm</a> (7) <a href="http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/JFKmongoose.htm">www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/JFKmongoose.htm</a> ( 8 ) <a href="http://demopedia.democraticunderground.com/index.php/Operation_Northwoods">demopedia.democraticunderground.com/index.php/Operation_Northwoods</a> (9) <a href="http://www.gwu.edu/~nsarchiv/NSAEBB/NSAEBB101/index.htm">www.gwu.edu/~nsarchiv/NSAEBB/NSAEBB101/index.htm</a> (10) <a href="http://demopedia.democraticunderground.com/index.php/Operation_Uphold_Democracy">demopedia.democraticunderground.com/index.php/Operation_Uphold_Democracy</a> (11) <a href="http://members.aol.com/bblum6/bulgaria.htm">members.aol.com/bblum6/bulgaria.htm</a> (12) <a href="http://www.cooperativeresearch.org/timeline.jsp?timeline=venezuela">www.cooperativeresearch.org/timeline.jsp?timeline=venezuela</a> (13) <a href="http://demopedia.democraticunderground.com/index.php/2004_Haiti_Coup">demopedia.democraticunderground.com/index.php/2004_Haiti_Coup</a> (14) <a href="http://www.guardian.co.uk/usa/story/0,12271,1313571,00.html"> www.guardian.co.uk/usa/story/0,12271,1313571,00.html</a> (15) <a href="http://demopedia.democraticunderground.com/index.php/ZR/RIFLE">demopedia.democraticunderground.com/index.php/ZR/RIFLE</a> (16) <a href="http://www.thirdworldtraveler.com/CIA%20Hits/Gladio_CIAHits.html">www.thirdworldtraveler.com/CIA%20Hits/Gladio_CIAHits.html</a> (17) <a href="http://www.thirdworldtraveler.com/CIA%20Hits/Letelier_CIAHits.html">www.thirdworldtraveler.com/CIA%20Hits/Letelier_CIAHits.html</a> ( 18 ) <a href="http://www.constitution.org/ocbpt/ocbpt_14.htm">www.constitution.org/ocbpt/ocbpt_14.htm</a> (19) <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boxer_Rebellion">en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boxer_Rebellion</a> (20) <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victoriano_Huerta">en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victoriano_Huerta</a> (21) <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pancho_Villa">en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pancho_Villa</a> (22) <a href="http://demopedia.democraticunderground.com/index.php/Bay_of_Pigs">demopedia.democraticunderground.com/index.php/Bay_of_Pigs</a> (23) <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Guyana">en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Guyana</a> (24) <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tlatelolco_massacre">en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tlatelolco_massacre</a> (25) <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indo-Pakistani_Conflict_of_1971">en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indo-Pakistani_Conflict_of_1971</a> (26) <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Timor">en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Timor</a> (27) <a href="http://demopedia.democraticunderground.com/index.php/Operation_Gladio">demopedia.democraticunderground.com/index.php/Operation_Gladio</a> ( 28 ) <a href="http://demopedia.democraticunderground.com/index.php/Soviet_invasion_of_Afghanistan">demopedia.democraticunderground.com/index.php/Soviet_invasion_of_Afghanistan</a> (29) <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Seychelles">en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Seychelles</a> (30) <a href="http://www.krysstal.com/democracy/display_acts.php?countrya=South+Africa">www.krysstal.com/democracy/display_acts.php?countrya=South+Africa</a> (31) <a href="http://www.kimsoft.com/korea/usknew.htm">www.kimsoft.com/korea/usknew.htm</a> (32) <a href="http://www.krysstal.com/democracy/display_acts.php?article=1987_pacificocean">www.krysstal.com/democracy/display_acts.php?article=1987_pacificocean</a> (33) <a href="http://www.krysstal.com/democracy/display_acts.php?article=1995_mexico">www.krysstal.com/democracy/display_acts.php?article=1995_mexico</a> (34) <a href="http://www.krysstal.com/democracy/display_acts.php?article=2002_venezuela">www.krysstal.com/democracy/display_acts.php?article=2002_venezuela</a> (35) <a href="http://www.krysstal.com/democracy_whyusa01.html">www.krysstal.com/democracy_whyusa01.html</a> (36) <a href="http://pw1.netcom.com/~ncoic/cia_info.htm">pw1.netcom.com/~ncoic/cia_info.htm</a> Edited by: <A HREF=http://p097.ezboard.com/brigorousintuition.showUserPublicProfile?gid=drdebugdu>DrDebugDU</A> at: 7/20/05 6:40 pm

List of U.S. foreign interventions

List of U.S. foreign interventions

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