The Morning of the Magicians by Pauwels and Bergier ToC

[Sweet Tooth]

THE MORNING OF THE MAGICIANS
By Louis Pauwels and Jacques Bergier
Selected Excerpts

Louis Pauwels, an editor and writer, is the founder and editor of the amazing magazine Planete, an outgrowth of the great popularity of THE MORNING OF THE MAGICIANS in France.

Jacques Bergier has a distinguished reputation as a nuclear physicist and chemical engineer.

First published in France under the title
Le Matin des Magiciens.
Copyright © 1960 by Editions Gallimard.
The Morning of the Magicians was published in England in 1963 as The Dawn of Magic.
Translation copyright © 1963 by
Anthony Gibbs and Phillips Ltd.


To the fine soul, to the warm heart of Gustave Bonju, a worker, a real father to me.
In memorium.
L.P.


CONTENTS

Preface

Part One

THE FUTURE PERFECT

I. Salute to the reader in a hurry – A resignation in 1875 – Birds of ill omen – How the nineteenth century closed the doors – The end of science and the repression of fantasy – Poincare’s despair – We are our own grandfathers – Youth, Youth!

II. Bourgeois delights – A crisis for the intelligence, or the hurricane of unrealism – Glimpses of another reality – Beyond logic and literary philosophies – The idea of an Eternal Present – Science without conscience or conscience without science? – Hope.

III. Brief reflections on the backwardness of sociology – Talking cross-purposes – Planetary versus provincial – Crusader in the modern world – The poetry of science.

AN OPEN CONSPIRACY

I. The generation of the “workers of the Earth” – Are you a behind-the-times modern, or a contemporary of the future? – A poster on the walls of Paris 1622 – The esoteric language is the technical language – A new conception of a secret society – A new aspect of the “religious spirit”.

II. The prophets of the Apocalypse – A Committee of Despair – A Louis XVI machine-gun – Science is not a Sacred Cow – Monsieur Despotopoulos would like to arrest progress – The legend of the Nine Unknown Men.

III. Fantastic realism again – Past techniques – Further consideration on the necessity for secrecy – We take a voyage through time – The spirit’s continuity – The engineer and the magician once again – Past and future – The present is lagging in both directions – Gold from ancient books – A new vision of the ancient world.

IV. The concealment of knowledge and power – The meaning of revolutionary war – Technology brings back the guilds – A return to the age of the Adepts – A fiction writer’s prediction, The Power-House – From monarchy to cryptocracy – The secret society as government of the future – Intelligence itself a secret society – A knocking at the door.

THE EXAMPLE OF ALCHEMY

I. An alchemist in the Café Procope in 1953 – A conversation about Gurdjieff – A believer in the reality of the philosopher’s stone – I change my ideas about the value of progress – What we really think about alchemy: neither a revelation nor a groping in the dark – Some reflections on the “spiral” and on hope.

II. A hundred thousand books that no one reads – Wanted: a scientific expedition to the land of the alchemists – The inventors – Madness from mercury – A code language – Was there another atomic civilization? – The electric batteries of the museum of Baghdad – Newton and the great Initiates – Helvetius and Spinoza and the philosopher’s stone – Alchemy and modern physics – A hydrogen bomb in an oven – Transformation of matter, men and spirits.

III. In which a little Jew is seen to prefer honey to sugar – In which an alchemist who might be the mysterious Fulcanelli speaks of the atomic danger in 1937, describes the atomic pile and evokes civilization now extinct – In which Bergier breaks a safe with a blow-lamp and carries off a bottle of uranium under his arm – In which a nameless American major seeks a Fulcanelli now definitely vanished – In which Oppenheimer echoes a Chinese sage of a thousand years ago.

IV. The modern alchemist and the spirit of research – Description of what an alchemist does in his laboratory – Experiments repeated indefinitely – What is he waiting for? – The preparation of darkness – Electronic gas – Water that dissolves – Is the philosopher’s stone energy in suspension? – The transmutation of the alchemist himself – This is where true metaphysics begin.

V. There is time for everything – There is even a time for the times to come together.

THE VANISHED CIVILIZATIONS

I. In which the authors introduce a fantastic personage – Mr. Fort – The fire at the “sanatorium of overworked coincidences” – Mr. Fort and universal knowledge – 40,000 notes on a gush of periwinkles, a downpour of frogs and showers of blood – The Book of the Damned – A certain Professor Kreyssaler – In praise of “intermediarism” with some examples – The Hermit of the Bronx, or the cosmic Rabelais – Visit of the author to the Cathedral of Saint Elsewhere – Au revoir, Mr. Fort!

II. An hypothesis condemned to the stake – Where a clergyman and a biologist become comic figures – Wanted: a Copernicus in anthropology – Many blank spaces on all the maps – Dr. Fortune’s lack of curiosity – The mystery of the melted platinum – Cords used as books – The tree and the telephone – Cultural relativity.

III. In which the authors speculate about the Great Pyramid – Possibility of “other techniques” – The example of Hitler – The Empire of Almanzar – Recurrence of “ends of the world” – The impossible Easter Island – The legend of the white man – The civilization of America – The mystery of Maya – From the “bridge of light” to the strange plain of Nazca.

IV. Memory older than us – Metallic birds – A strange map of the world – Atomic bombardments and interplanetary vessels in “sacred texts” – A new view of machines – The cult of the “cargo” – Another vision of esoterism – The rites of the intelligence.

Part Two

A FEW YEARS IN THE ABSOLUTE ELSEWHERE

I. All the marbles in the same bag – The historian’s despair – Two amateurs of the unusual – At the bottom of the Devil’s Lake – An empty anti-fascism – The authors in the presence of the Infinitely Strange – Troy, too, was only a legend – History lags behind – From visible banality to invisible fantasy – The fable of the golden beetle – Undercurrents of the future – There are other things beside soulless machinery.

II. In the Tribune Des Nations the Devil and madness are refused recognition – Yet there are rivalries between deities – The Germans and Atlantis – Magic socialism – A secret religion and a secret Order – An expedition to hidden regions – The first guide will be a poet.

III. P.J. Toulet and Arthur Machen – A great neglected genius – A Robinson Crusoe of the soul – The story of the angels at Mons – The life, adventures and misfortunes of Arthur Machen – How we discovered an English secret society – A Nobel Prize-winner in a black mask – The Golden Dawn and its members.

IV. A hollow Earth, a frozen world, a New Man – “We are the enemies of the mind and spirit” – Against Nature and against God – The Vril Society – The race which will supplant us – Haushofer and the Vril – The idea of the mutation of man – The “Unknown Superman” – Mathers, chief of the Golden Dawn meets the “Great Terrorists” – Hitler claims to have met them too – An hallucination or a real presence? – A door opening on to something other – A prophecy of Rene Guenon – The Nazis’ enemy No. 1: Steiner.

V. An ultimatum for the scientists – The prophet Horbiger, a twentieth-century Copernicus – The theory of the frozen world – History of the solar system – The end of the world – The Earth and its four Moons – Apparition of the giants – Moons, giants and men – The civilization of Atlantis – The five cities 300,000 years old – From Tiahuanaco to Tibet – The second Atlantis – The Deluge – Degeneration and Christianity – We are approaching another era – The law of ice and fire.

VI. Horbiger still has a million followers – Waiting for the Messiah – Hitler and political esoterism – Nordic science and magic thinking – A civilization utterly different from our own – Gurdjieff, Horbiger, Hitler and the man responsible for the Cosmos – The cycle of fire – Hitler speaks – The basis of Nazi anti-Semitism – Martians at Nuremberg – The anti-pact – The rockets’ summer – Stalingrad, or the fall of the Magi – The prayer on Mount Elbruz – The little man victorious over the superman – The little man opens the gates of Heaven – The Twilight of the Gods – The flooding of the Berlin Underground and the myth of the Deluge – A Chorus by Shelley.

VII. A hollow Earth – We are living inside it – The Sun and Moon are in the center of the Earth – Radar in the service of the Wise Men – Birth of a new religion in America – Its prophet was a German airman – Anti-Einstein – The work of a madman – A hollow Earth, Artificial Satellites and the notion of Infinity – Hitler as arbiter – Beyond coherence.

VIII. Grist for our horrible mill – The last prayer of Dietrich Eckardt – The legend of Thule – A nursery for mediums – Haushofer and the magician – Hess’s silence – The swastika – The seven men who wanted to change life – A Tibetan colony – Exterminations and ritual – It is darker than you thought.

IX. Himmler and the other side of the problem – 1934 a turning-point – The Black Order in power – The death’s-head warrior monks – Initiation in the Burgs – Siever’s last prayer – The strange doings of the Ahnenerbe – The High Priest Frederick Hielscher – A forgotten note of Junger’s – Impressions of war and victory.

Part Three

THAT INFINITY CALLED MAN

I. A New Kind of Intuition: The Fantastic in fire and blood – The barriers of incredulity – The first rocket – Bourgeois and “Workers of the Earth” – False facts and true fiction – Inhabited worlds – Visitors from Beyond – The great lines of communication – Modern myths – Fantastic realism in psychology – Towards an exploration of the fantastic within – The method described – Another conception of liberty.

II. The Fantastic Within: Some pioneers: Balzac, Hugo, Flammarion – Jules Romains and the “Great Question” – The end of positivism – What is para-psychology? – Some extraordinary facts and experiences – The example of the Titanic – Clairvoyance – Precognition and dreams – Parapsychology and psychoanalysis – We reject occultism and the pseudo-sciences – In quest of machinery for sounding the depths.

III. Towards a Psychological Revolution: The mind’s “second wind” – Wanted: an Einstein for psychology – A renaissance of religion – Our society is at death’s door – Jaures and the “tree buzzing with flies” – We see little because we are little.

IV. The Magic Mind Rediscovered: The green eye of the Vatican – The “other” intelligence – The story of the “relavote” – Is Nature playing a double game? – The starting-handle of the super-machine – New cathedrals and new slang – The last door – Existence as an instrument – A new view of symbols – All is not everything.

V. The Notion of an “Awakened State”: After the fashion of theologians, scientists, magicians and children – Salute to an expert at putting spokes in wheels – The conflict between spiritualism and materialism: the story of an allergy – The legend of tea – Could it be a natural faculty? – Thought as a means of travel on the ground or in the air – A supplement to the Rights of Man – Some reflections on the “awakened” Man – Ourselves as honest savages.

VI. Three True Stories as Illustration: The story of a great mathematician “in the raw” – The story of the most wonderful clairvoyant – The story of a scientist of the future who lived in 1750.

VII. The “Awakened” Man: Some Paradozes and Hypotheses: Why our three stories may have disappointed some readers – We know very little about levitation, immortality, etc. – Yet Man has the gift of ubiquity, has long sight, etc. – How do you define a machine? – How the first “awakened” Man could have been born – A fabulous, yet reasonable dream about vanished civilizations – The fable of the panther – The writing of God.

VIII. Some Documents on the “Awakened State”: Wanted: an anthology – The sayings of Gurdjieff – When I was at the school for “awakening” – Raymond Abellio’s story – A striking extract for the works of Gustav Meyrinck, a neglected genius.

IX. The Point Beyond Infinity: From Surrealism to Fantastic Realism – The Supreme Point – Beware of images – The madness of Georg Cantor – The Yogi and the mathematician – A fundamental aspiration of the human spirit – An extract from a story by Jorge Luis Borges.

X. Some reflections on the Mutants: The child astronomer – A sudden access of intelligence – The theory of mutation – The myth of the Great Superior Ones – The mutants among us – From Horla to Leonard Euler – An invisible society of Mutants? – The birth of the collective being – Love of the living.

[Sweet Tooth]

Part One

THE FUTURE PERFECT

I. Salute to the reader in a hurry – A resignation in 1875 – Birds of ill omen – How the nineteenth century closed the doors – The end of science and the repression of fantasy – Poincare’s despair – We are our own grandfathers – Youth, Youth!

How can an intelligent man today not feel in a hurry? “Get up sir; you’ve got important things to do!” But one has to rise earlier every day. Speed up your machines for seeing, hearing, thinking, remembering and imagining. Our best reader, the one we value the most, will have finished with us in two or three hours.

There are men I know who can read with the greatest profit one hundred pages of mathematics, philosophy, history, or archeology in twenty minutes. Actors learn how to “place” their voice. Who will teach us to “place” our attention? At a certain height everything changes speed. So far as this work is concerned, I’m not one of those writers who want to keep their readers with them as long as possible and lull them to sleep. I’m not interested in sleep, only in waking. Get on with it quickly; take what you want and go. There’s plenty to do outside. Skip chapters if you want to; begin where you like and read in any direction; this book is a multi-use tool, like the knives campers use. For example, if you’re afraid of arriving too slowly at the heart of the subject that interests you, skip these first pages. You should understand, however, that they show how the nineteenth century had closed its doors against fantasy as a positive element in man and the world and the Universe, and how the twentieth has opened them again, although our morality, our philosophy and our sociology, which ought to be contemporary with the future, are nothing of the kind and remain attached to the out-of-date nineteenth century. The bridge between the era of muskets and that of rockets hasn’t yet been built; but it’s being thought about. And the object of this book is to make people think about it harder. If we’re in a hurry, it’s not because we’re crying over the past but are worried about the present, and getting impatient. There you have it. You know enough now to be able, if necessary, to skim through this introduction and push on further.

***

His name is not recorded in the history books – unfortunately. He was a Director of the American Patent Office and it was he who first sounded the alarm. In 1875 he sent in his resignation to the Secretary of the Board of Trade. What’s the good of going on, is the gist of what he said; there’s nothing left to invent.

Twelve years later, in 1887, the great chemist Marcellin Berthelot wrote: “From now on there is no mystery about the Universe.” To get a coherent picture of the world science had cleared everything up: perfection by omission. Matter consisted of a certain number of elements, none of which could be turned into another. But while Berthelot in his learned work was rejecting the dreams of the alchemists, the elements, which knew nothing about this, continued to transmute themselves as a result of natural radioactivity. In 1852, the phenomenon had been described by Reichenbach, but was immediately repudiated. Scientists before 1870 had referred to a “fourth state of matter,” observed in gases. Any kind of mystery, however, had to be suppressed. Repression is the right word; some nineteenth century thinking ought to be psychoanalyzed.

A German named Zeppelin, returning home after fighting with the Southerners, tried to get the industrialists interested in a dirigible balloon… “Unhappy man! Don’t you know that there are three subjects which can no longer be the subject of a paper submitted to the French Academy of Science: the squaring of the circle, the tunnel under the Channel and dirigible balloons.”

Another German, Herman Gaswindt, had the idea of building flying machines heavier than air to be propelled by rockets. On his fifth blueprint the German War Minister, after consulting the technicians, wrote, with the habitual moderation of his race and office: “How long will it be before this bird of ill-omen is finally bumped off?”

The Russians, on their side, had got rid of another bird of ill-omen. Kibaltchich who was also in favor of rocket-propelled flying machines: a firing squad saw to that. It is true that Kibaltchich had used his technical skill to fabricate the bomb that had just cut up into little pieces the Emperor Alexander II. But it wasn’t necessary to execute Professor Langley, of the Smithsonian Institute, who had imagined flying machines propelled by the recently invented internal combustion engine. It was enough for him to be dishonored, ruined and expelled from the Smithsonian. Professor Simon Newcomb proved mathematically the impossibility of a heavier-than-air machine. A few months before the death of Langley, who died of grief, a little English boy came back from school one day in tears. He had shown his companions the photograph of a design that Langley had just sent to his father. He declared that men would one day be able to fly. His comrades had laughed at him. And the schoolmaster had asked him how his father could be such a fool. The name of this “fool” was H.G. Wells.

And so all the doors were closing with a bang. There was, in fact, nothing left to do but to resign, and M. Brunetiere in 1895 was able calmly to speak of the “bankruptcy of science.” The celebrated Professor Lippmann told one of his pupils, about the same time, that physics was a subject that had been exhausted and was finished and done with, and that he would do better to turn his attention in other directions. This pupil’s name was Helbronner who later was to become the greatest authority in Europe on physical chemistry and make remarkable discoveries relating to liquid air, ultra-violet rays and colloidal metals. Moissan, a chemist of genius, was forced to recant and declare in public that he had not manufactured diamonds, but had made a mistake during an experiment. It was useless to seek any further: the great discoveries of the century were the steam-engine and the gas lamp, and no greater human inventions were possible. Electricity? A mere technical curiosity. A mad Englishman, Maxwell, had pretended that invisible light rays could be produced by means of electricity: this couldn’t be taken seriously.

A few years later Ambrose Bierce wrote in his Devil’s Dictionary, “No one knows what electricity is, but in any case it gives a better light than a horse-power and travels quicker than a gas jet.”

As for energy, this was something quite independent of matter and devoid of mystery. It was composed of fluids. These fluids filled everything up, could be described in equations of great formal beauty and were intellectually satisfying: they could be electric, luminous, calorific, etc. Here was a continuous and obvious progression: matter in its three states, solid, liquid and gaseous, and the various energy-fluids, more elusive even than gases. To preserve a “scientific” image of the world it was only necessary to reject as philosophic dreams the theories about the atom that were beginning to take shape. Planck’s and Einstein’s “grains of energy” were still a very long way off.

The German Clausius maintained that no source of energy other than fire was conceivable. And though energy may be preserved quantitatively, it deteriorates in quality. The Universe has been wound up once and for all, like a watch, and will run down when the spring is worn out. No surprises are to be expected. Into this Universe, whose destiny is foreseeable, life entered by chance and developed according to the simple laws of natural selection. At the apex of this evolution came man – a mechanical and chemical compound endowed with an illusion – consciousness. Under the influence of this illusion man invented time and space: concepts of the mind. If you had told an official nineteenth century scientists that physics would one day absorb space and time and would study experimentally the curvature of space and the contraction of time, he would have summoned the police. Space and time have no real existence; they are the mathematician’s variables and subjects for philosophers to discuss at their leisure. There can be no connection between man and such immensities. Despite the work of Charcot, Breuer, Hyslop, extra-sensory or extra-temporal perception is an idea to be rejected with scorn. Nothing unknown in the universe, nothing unknown in man.

It was quite useless to attempt any internal exploration; nevertheless there was one fact that defied simplication: hypnotism. People like the naïve Flammarion, the skeptical Edgar Poe and the suspect H.G. Wells were interested in this phenomenon. And yet, fantastic as this may seem, the nineteenth century proved officially that there was no such thing as hypnotism. Patients tend to tell lies and pretend in order to please the hypnotizer. That is true. However, since Freud and Morton Price, we know that there is such a thing as a split personality. Thanks to a generally critical attitude this century succeeded in creating a negative mythology, in eliminating any trace of the unknown in man and in repressing any suggestion of mystery.

Biology, too, was finished. M. Claude Bernard had exhausted its possibilities, and the conclusion had been reached that the brain secreted thoughts as the liver secretes bile. Doubtless it would soon be possible to analyze this secretion and write out its chemical formula to fit in with the pretty patterns of hexagons for which M. Berthelot was famous. As soon as we discover how the hexagons of carbon combine to create mind the last page will have been turned. Let’s get on with the job! and have all the madmen shut up. One fine day in 1898 a certain seriously-minded gentlemen forbade the governess to allow his children to read Jules Verne. These false ideas would only deform their young minds. The gentleman’s name was Edouard Branly. He had just decided to abandon his experiments with sound-waves as being devoid of interest, and take up the career of a general practitioner.

Scientists have to give up their throne. But they also have to get rid of the “adventurers” – that is to say, people who think and dream and are endowed with imagination. Berthelot attacked the philosophers – “fencing with their own ghosts in the solitary field of abstract logic” (a good description that, of Einstein, for example). And Claude Berhard declared that “a man who discovers the simplest fact does a greater service than the greatest philosopher in the world.” Science can only be experimental; without it we are lost. Shut the gates; nobody will ever be the equal of the giants who invented the steam-engine.

In this organized, comprehensible and yet doomed universe the place assigned to man was that of an epiphenomenon. There could be no Utopia and no hope. Coal deposits would be exhausted in a few hundred years, and humanity would perish by cold and starvation. Men would never fly and would never travel through space. Nor would they ever explore the bottom of the sea. Strange that this ban should have been imposed on any investigation of the ocean depths! From a technical point of view there was nothing, in the nineteenth century, to prevent Professor Picard from constructing his bathyscaphe. Nothing but an extreme timidity and concern that man should “stay in his proper place.”

Turpin, who invented melinite, was promptly jailed. The inventors of the internal combustion engine were discouraged, and an attempt was made to show that electric machines were merely forms of perpetual motion. Those were the days when the great inventors were persecuted, isolated and in revolt. Hertz wrote to the Dresden Chamber of Commerce that research into the transmission of the Hertzian waves should be discouraged, as they could not be used for any practical purpose. Napoleon III’s experts proved that Gramme’s dynamo could never function.

As for the first automobiles, the submarine, the dirigible balloon and the electric light (“one of that fellow Edison’s swindles”) the learned societies were not interested. There is an immortal entry in the Minutes of the Paris Academy of Sciences recording the reception of the first phonograph: “No sooner had the machine emitted a few words than the Permanent Secretary threw himself upon the imposter (presenting it) seizing his throat in a grip of iron. ‘You see, gentlemen,’ he exclaimed ‘what it is…’ But, to the stupefaction of everyone present, the machine continued to utter sounds.”

Nevertheless, some great minds, profoundly discontented with the situation, were secretly preparing the most formidable revolution in human knowledge in the history of mankind. For the time being, however, every avenue was barred.

Barred in every direction – in front and in the rear. The fossils of pre-human creatures that were beginning to be discovered in large numbers were not taken seriously. Did not the great Heinrich Helmnoltz prove that the Sun derived its energy from its own contractions – that is to say, from the only force, its own combustion, existing in the Universe? And did not his calculations show that the Sun had not been in existence for more than about a hundred thousand years? How, then, could there have been a long process of evolution? Moreover, it would never be possible to fix a date for the beginning of the world. In the short interval between two states of nothingness, we human “epiphenomena” must be serious. Facts, facts! Nothing but facts!

As their researches into matter and energy had met with little encouragement, the best among the inquiring minds turned to explore an impasse – the ether, a substance that permeates matter in all its forms and acts as a vehicle for luminous and electromagnetic waves. It is at once both infinitely solid and infinitely tenuous. Lord Rayleigh, who at the end of the nineteenth century represented official English science in all its splendor, formulated the theory of a gyroscopic ether – an ether consisting of a mass of spinning tops, turning in all directions and reacting on one another. Aldous Huxley has remarked since that “if it is possible for a human invention to convey the idea of absolute ugliness, then Lord Rayleigh’s theory has succeeded.”

Scientists everywhere were engaged in speculations on the ether on the eve of the twentieth century. Then in 1898 came a catastrophe: the Michelson-Morley experiment shattered the hypothesis of the ether. All the work of Henri Poincare bears witness to this collapse. Poincare, a mathematician of genius, felt crushed by the enormous weight of this nineteenth century prison, the destroyer of all fantasy. He would have discovered the theory of relativity, had he dared. But he did not dare. His books – La Valeur de la Science, La Science et L’Hypothese, are expressions of despair and abdication. For him, a scientific hypothesis is never true and can at best be useful. Like the Spanish inn – you only find there what you bring yourself. According to Poincare, if the Universe contracted a million times and ourselves with it, nobody would notice anything. Such speculations are therefore useless because they have no connection with reality as we perceive it.

This argument, up to the beginning of this century, was cited as a model of profound reasoning. Until one day a practical engineer pointed out that the butcher, at any rate, would notice it, as all his joints would fall down. The weight of a leg of mutton is proportional to its volume, but the strength of a piece of string is proportional only to its length. Therefore, were the universe to contract by only a millionth of a degree, there would be no more joints hanging from the ceiling! Poor, great and dear Poincare! It was this great thinker who wrote: “Common sense alone is enough to tell us that the destruction of a town by a pound of metal is an evident impossibility.”

The limited nature of the physical structure of the Universe; the non-existence of atoms; restricted sources of fundamental energy; the inability of mathematical formula to yield more than it already contains; the futility of intuition; the narrowness and absolutely mechanical nature of Man’s internal world; these were the things the scientists believed in, and this attitude of mind applied to everything and created the climate which permeated every branch of knowledge in this century. A minor century? No; a great century, but narrow – a dwarf stretched out.

But suddenly the doors so carefully closed by the nineteenth century in the face of the infinite possibilities of man, of matter, of energy, of time and of space are about to burst asunder. Science and technical skills will make enormous progress, and a new assessment will be made of the very nature of knowledge.

Not merely progress, this, but a transformation. In this new state of the world, consciousness itself acquires a new status. Today, in every domain, all forms of imagination are rampant – except in those spheres where our “historical” life goes on, stifled, unhappy and precarious, like everything that is out of date. An immense gulf separates the man of adventure from humanity and our societies from our civilization. We are living with ideas of morality, sociology, philosophy and psychology that belong to the nineteenth century. We are our own great-great-grandfathers. As we watch rockets rising to the sky and feel the ground vibrating with a thousand new radiations, we are still smoking the pipe of Thomas Graindorge. Our literature, our philosophical discussions, our ideological conflicts, our attitude toward reality – all this is still slumbering behind the doors that have been burst open. Youth! Youth! – go forth and tell the world that everything is opened up and already the Outside has come in!