ELF AND THE HUM
by Ron Holtz
Since 1991, people in the Taos, New Mexico area have reported hearing an
annoying, low-frequency hum, the cause of which has yet to be identified
(Ufologist, Vol.2, No.3, 1992). Recent reports suggest that the Hum is not
merely localized to Taos, but may be a nationwide, or perhaps even
worldwide, problem.
Some investigators suspect the Hum may be caused by the Extremely Low
Frequency (ELF) submarine communications system. The frequency of the Hum
seems to be between 33 and 80 Hertz, while the USA's ELF system is believed
to operate at frequencies around 76 Hertz.
The US Navy first conducted experiments on ELF wave propagation and
environmental effects in 1969, using two antennas each 14 miles long located
at Clam Lake, Wisconsin. Experiments with this facility continued until
1976, when when actual ELF communications with submarines were demonstrated.
Shortly thereafter, the Navy made plans for an operational ELF
communications system using buried antennas so as to be hardened against
nuclear attack. This system, code-named Sanguine, was cancelled after
studies determined that the system would be vulnerable to nuclear attack.
Despite the cancellation of Sanguine, the Navy began development of an
above-ground ELF system using antennas 28 miles long, also located at Clam
Lake. This system, code-named Seafarer, was opposed by environmental groups
and residents of the area concerned about possible adverse health effects of
ELF radiation.
President Carter cancelled Seafarer in 1978, but the program was revived by
President Reagan in 1981. The revived ELF system employs antennas 56 miles
long on the upper penninsula of Michigan, in addition to the 28 mile long
antennas in Wisconsin. Each antenna is powered with a 660 kilowatt
transmitter. This system became operational in 1987.
The ELF communications system used by the United States uses two frequency
bands, 40 to 50 Hertz, and 70 to 80 Hertz. The principle operating frequency
is thought to be 76 Hertz, which seems to be one of the frequencies
associated with the Taos Hum.
The Commonwealth of Independent States is believed to be maintaining the ELF
communications system used by the former Soviet Union. The Soviet system was
probably in operation as early as the 1970s, and used two transmitters at
Riga and Gomel. The Soviet system broadcast at 8 Hertz, and perhaps other
frequencies as well.
In addition to the USA and the CIS, there is a British ELF site in the Glen
Cally Forest in Scotland, and a French system sited at Roshay. Both the
British and French systems were due to be operational prior to 1990.
As mentioned above, the ELF transmitting facilities in Wisconsin were
opposed by residents and environmental groups. A number of studies of
possible health and environmental effects were supported by the Navy, and
there was an exhaustive review of ELF-related research by the National
Academy of Sciences in 1976.
The National Academy of Sciences review looked at studies of the effects of
ELF on genetics, reproduction, cell growth and division, circadian rhythms,
electro-sensitive fish, insect behavior, bird migration, effects on plants,
soil organisms, and effects on neurophysiology and behavior of mammals.
Apparently, though, nobody thought to study the simpler question of whether
anyone could HEAR a hum from the ELF fields.
Despite a few studies that suggested that ELF fields do cause some
measurable biological effects, the NAS review panel concluded that the ELF
communications system was unlikely to cause any health or environmental
problems. Curiously, the studies on mammalian neurophysiology that were
reviewed by the NAS panel did contain some evidence that brain nerve cells
could be effected by ELF fields. In fact, it was assumed that ELF fields
could stimulate electrical activity in the brain, but it was also assumed
that these effects shouldn't be noticable because they would be far smaller
than the normal electrical activity in the brain. Despite these assumptions,
there was, in fact, some evidence that changes in brain nerve cell response
could occur even from very weak electrical influences, much weaker than the
normal nerve impulses.
The NAS panel concluded based on extrapolation rather than direct evidence,
that neurophysical and neurochemical effects would only occur for electric
and magnetic field strengths much higher than those expected to be induced
by the ELF system.
The National Academy of Sciences review seemed, at least at the time, nearly
20 years ago, to give the ELF communications system a clean bill of health.
It's not known whether any follow-up studies have been done since the ELF
communications system became operational.
Since the frequency used by the ELF communications system, around 75 Hertz,
is within the range reported for the Taos Hum, the ELF system seems a
natural suspect as the cause of the hum. However, it is not known why the
Hum was not detected until 1991 if the ELF communications system went into
operation in 1987. If there was a direct cause and effect relationship, one
would expect that the Hum would have been noticed several years earlier.
Furthermore, the Hum is reported to have frequency components ranging from
17 to 32 Hertz and higher, yet these are not frequencies in use for the ELF
communications system. Even if the 76 Hertz ELF system were contributing to
the Hum, the other frequency components would need to be explained. Perhaps
the 76 Hertz frequency match is coincidental. Obviously, further
investigation is needed to identify the cause of the Taos Hum.
BIBLIOGRAPHY
* "Taos, New Mexico area - and others - go on humming", Ufologist,
Vol.2, No.3, 1992.
* Jane's Underwater Warfare Systems, 1993-94, (Jane's Information Group,
Ltd., Alexandria, VA, 1993).
* Jane's Military Communications, 1993-94,(Jane's Information Group,
Ltd., Alexandria, VA, 1993).
* The Naval Institute Guide to World Naval Weapons Systems 1991-92,
(Naval Institute Press, Annapolis, MD, 1991).
* "Soviet Submarine Communications", Signal, p.65, November 1987.
* "Biological Effects of Electric and Magnetic Fields Associated with
ELF Communications Systems", J.D. Grisset, Proceedings of the IEEE,
Vol. 68, No.1, p.98, January, 1980.
http://www.elfis.net/elfol0/mkconsp/taoshum.txt