super-science breakthrough compendium thread

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Re: super-science breakthrough compendium thread

Postby liminalOyster » Tue Jan 02, 2018 9:19 pm

Yeah, the part you have quoted is total garbage and we agree about wheat and nasty staple crops. But all that aside, a non-GMO tek to speed up plant reproduction cycles could have many benefits - distinct from any Dow etc crap about increased yield, etc.

The study shows that traits such as plant pathogen interactions, plant shape and structure, and flowering time can be studied in detail and repeated using the technology.


As for organic farmers, of a certain stripe, I could see that being able to test different varieties more often could, for instance, help identify natural pest resistance. I've done some limited lab work involving plant specimens that I had to grow from seed; a non chemical, non GMO way to cut up that wait time sounds appealing,
"It's not rocket surgery." - Elvis
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Re: super-science breakthrough compendium thread

Postby Elvis » Sat Nov 03, 2018 12:41 am

Popular Mechanics covering what it knows best: machines. Followed by EmDrive Roger Shawyer's research webpage.

Why DARPA Is Betting a Million Bucks on an "Impossible" Space Drive

Agency responsible with filling the government's coffers with cutting-edge tech is funding a controversial drive that's based on unproven science.
By David Hambling
Nov 2, 2018


Image


The law of conservation of momentum says that a rocket (or anything else) can't accelerate forward without some form of exhaust ejected backward. But in 1998, a British engineer named Roger Shawyer announced the seemingly impossible—he had built a closed system that could generate thrust.

Twenty years later and many scientists still call the Shawyer's EmDrive impossible, but that hasn't stopped DARPA, the Defense Department agency that funds potential technological breakthroughs of all kinds, from putting serious money behind it.

An Irritating Anomaly

Here's how the EmDrive works. Imagine you have a truncated cone—a tube wider at one end than the other—made of copper. Seal it, then fill it with microwaves. Like other electromagnetic radiation, microwaves exert a tiny amount of pressure. But because of the shape of this device, they would exert slightly more force on one end than the other. So, even though it’s a closed system, the cone would experience a net thrust and, if you had enough microwaves, it would gradually accelerate.

Build it to a large enough scale and you could revolutionize propulsion.

But all of this should be theoretically impossible, hence the skepticism hurled by respectable physicists and SGU, a skeptic website that compared the idea behind the EmDrive to someone trying to move a car forward by pushing on the dashboard.

Undeterred by the fact that it would seem to be physically impossible, independent imitators testing the EmDrive theory have nonetheless reported small but measurable thrust from their own EmDrives. These include Chinese researchers at Northwestern Polytechnic in Xi’an, NASA’s Eagleworks, and the American company Cannae, which plans to launch a commercial version into space. A German team at Dresden is evaluating the EmDrive and will report next year, though early results suggest thrust measurements could instead be stray magnetic fields.

To the physics establishment, these reports of positive thrust are an irritating anomaly, the result of experimental error and wishful thinking. But about a decade ago, before China reported its results, as the idea of a propellant-less drive began to swirl, DARPA quietly got involved, according to Shawyer.

“DARPA attended the original 2008 EmDrive meeting at the Pentagon, chaired by Joe Rouge, the then director of the National Security Space Office,” Shawyer told Popular Mechanics. “I was then invited to a meeting with DARPA at their Arlington HQ to discuss an R&D program.”

Jess Sponable, formerly a program manager at DARPA in charge of the XS-1 Spaceplane project, says that he maintained an interest in the EmDrive’s progress well before China. Although he did not fund any EmDrive programs, Sponable believes the interest in these findings is justified.

“Given the number and diversity of claims about EmDrive and other exotic physics, my opinion then and now is that DARPA should invest modest sums to experimentally assess such claims, albeit only where credible experimental evidence exists,” Sponable told Popular Mechanics.

This applies even where the underlying science is unclear or disputed, and especially if there is a risk that someone else, like China, might get there first, Sponable says.

“The DARPA mission is to embrace and advance transformational change in the U.S. military, but…we must strive to beat the other guy to the punch line and ensure there will never again be another Sputnik moment,” says Sponable. “If DARPA does not gather this evidence and publish the results, positive or negative, then who in the U.S. government will?”

More recently, Shawyer has been in discussion with Mike Fiddy, the manager behind the latest DARPA initiative, Nascent Light Matter Interactions, or NLM. This will explore new and little-understood phenomena, such as the apparent thrust generated by the EmDrive. Fiddy confirms that DARPA has previously funded work related to the EmDrive but says this is a fresh start.

“The NLM program is new and is focused on Nascent Light Matter interactions where ‘Light’ implies electromagnetic waves and not only visible light,” Fiddy told Popular Mechanics.

The Unfounded Physics of the EmDrive

DARPA's $1.3 million contract includes developing theories to reconcile the EmDrive with known physics, and the basis of such a theory already exists. Enter Mike McCulloch, a lecturer in geomatics (the math of positioning in space) at the University of Plymouth, U.K.

“McCulloch's research will model and test the interaction of light with strongly resonant cavities, and it relies on a prediction from quantum theory that accelerating objects experience a thermal background known as Unruh radiation,” says Fiddy.

McCulloch and has already published over 20 papers on his theory of Quantized Inertia, or QI. It’s also known as Modified inertia by a Hubble-scale Casimir effect (MiHsC). This is a radical theory with wide-ranging implications that affects everything from galactic rotation to Dark Energy. McCulloch has already indicated how QI could reconcile the EmDrive with existing physics.

“It would be a game changer because if we understand the thrust effect then we can enhance it.”

“I am approaching it with a sense of opportunity,” McCulloch says. "It would be a game changer because if we understand the thrust effect then we can enhance it."

His QI theory has already been met with some resistance, as it challenges some widely accepted but unproven beliefs such as the existence of dark matter. But in science, facts are always king.

Rather than the tiny forces claimed by NASA—a few micro-Newtons, or the weight of a large ant—a properly engineered EmDrive could theoretically produce hundreds of milli-Newtons (as claimed by Chinese scientists), similar to the weight of a smartphone. That will make it easier to demonstrate that the thrust is not a measuring error or some other random effect.

Rather than microwaves, the experiments to validate McCulloch’s theory will use light with one experiment traveling in a loop and another with a laser bouncing off asymmetrical mirrors. Nobody has built this type of EmDrive before, but the inventor thinks it has some advantages.

“There is no reason why EmDrive should not work at optical frequencies,” says Shawyer. “This approach would result in small EmDrive thrusters, with high specific thrust output.”

If successful, the technology could be quickly applied to station-keeping for satellites, keeping them in orbit for extended periods. McCulloch says it would cut the cost of space launches by a factor of at least ten. Instead of giant rockets and inefficient rocket boosters which waste energy lifting their fuel, spacecraft could have sleek, efficient, electrical EmDrives.

“It would make interplanetary travel easier and will make interstellar travel in a human lifetime possible for the first time,” says McCulloch.

But the doubters are still going to doubt, because that’s how science works. Unruh radiation, a key part of McCulloch’s work, is still just a theory, yet to be detected conclusively in the laboratory. As Rochester Institute of Technology astrophysicist Brian Koberlein has noted, the experimental evidence for the EmDrive is currently at the level of background noise. And, as he writes in Forbes, any theory supporting the EmDrive has a lot of work to do:

“The idea not only violates Newton’s third law of motion, it violates special relativity, general relativity, and Noether’s theorem. Since these are each well-tested theories that form the basis of countless other theories, their violation would completely overturn all of modern physics.”

McCulloch’s work will likely continue under scrutiny, with the smallest details setting off all kinds of intense debate among scientists who live and breathe this stuff. But DARPA has, for the moment, anyway, deemed the potential of a working EmDrive worthy of at least some further investigation.

https://www.popularmechanics.com/space/ ... a-emdrive/





Roger Shawyer's site — many links at original:

SPR Ltd.

Home Background Benefits Theory Development Applications Future FAQ

The EmDrive

A New Concept in Spacecraft Propulsion

Satellite Propulsion Research Ltd (SPR Ltd) a small UK based company, has demonstrated a remarkable new space propulsion technology. The company has successfully tested both an experimental thruster and a demonstrator engine which use patented microwave technology to convert electrical energy directly into thrust. No propellant is used in the conversion process. Thrust is produced by the amplification of the radiation pressure of an electromagnetic wave propagated through a resonant waveguide assembly.

Contact sprltd@emdrive.com

Latest news

July 2018

The following presentation was given at an EmDrive seminar held at Dresden Technical University on 11th July 2018. Dresden seminar July 2018

May 2018

For those who are new to the EmDrive saga, the history and background is given in an interview with the inventor here: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KUX8EWxmS3k

The interview was carried out by Mary-Ann Russon of the International Business Times, and was originally released on 14 October 2016.

September 2017

Patent GB 2493361 entitled High Q microwave radiation thruster has now been granted by the UK Intellectual Property Office.

A short note on general principles of EmDrive design and manufacture can be downloaded here:

General Principles of EmDrive design

August 2017 - EmDrive Efficiency

A short presentation on EmDrive thruster efficiency can be downloaded here.

EmDrive Efficiency

August 2017

A short presentation on Third Generation EmDrive can be downloaded here.

3G EmDrive

June 2017

An edited set of slides from a presentation made to the UK Defence Academy in February this year can be downloaded here. They give the background story to the emergence of EmDrive, and illustrate how important Global Defence applications are to the continuing development of the technology.

Shrivenham Presentation

September 2016

A slide presentation with narration, explaining the basic science behind EmDrive can be downloaded here.

https://youtu.be/wBtk6xWDrwY

August 2016

Development work is continuing on superconducting EmDrive thruster technology in co-operation with a UK aerospace company. No details of this work can be divulged at present.

However, as it is now 10 years since the completion of the original research work, the documents reporting on this work can be released, and can be accessed here.

Feasibility study technical report. Issue 2

Review of experimental thruster report

Demonstrator technical report. Issue 2

Review of DM tech report

The documents are two final technical reports and two independent reviews, and date from July 2002 to August 2006. The work was carried out for the UK government under their SMART and R&D award programmes. Documentation was shared with US government organisations.

The research was carried out concurrently with the BAE Systems Greenglow project, which was the subject of a BBC Horizon programme broadcast in March this year.

July 2015

A peer reviewed version of the IAC14 conference paper is given here: IAC14 Paper

A 5 minute audioslide presentation of the IAC14 paper, updated to include the latest test data from the University of Dresden Germany, is given here: IAC14 Audioslide (.avi 11MB)

June 2015

The full test video of one of the dynamic test runs of the Demonstrator engine has been released and is available here: Dynamic Test (.mpg 43MB) or Dynamic Test (.avi 112MB)

Notes giving an explanation of the test rig and this particular test run are given here: Notes on Dynamic Test

May 2015

A recent interview with Roger Shawyer, filmed by Nick Breeze, can be found here: 2015 Interview

January 2015

A number of research groups have asked questions on the methods of measuring EmDrive forces. A note explaining the principles can be found here: EmDrive Force Measurement

October 2014

At the IAC 2014 conference in Toronto, Roger Shawyer stated that 8 sets of test data have now verified EmDrive theory. These data sets resulted from thrust measurements on 7 different thrusters, by 4 independent organisations, in 3 different countries.
The Toronto presentation can be found here: IAC14 Presentation

August 2014

A recent interview with Roger Shawyer, recorded by Nick Breeze at the Royal Institution in London can be found here: Interview It is accompanied by a PowerPoint presentation entitled “EmDrive-Enabling a Better Future”.

July 2014

A paper entitled "Second Generation EmDrive Propulsion Applied to SSTO Launcher and Interstellar Probe" will be presented at the 65th International Astronautical Congress 2014 at Toronto in September.

October 2013

A paper entitled "The Dynamic Operation of a High Q EmDrive Microwave Thruster" and the associated poster for the recent IAC13 conference in Beijing is given here: IAC13 Paper   IAC13 Poster

November 2012

China publishes high power test results

The prestigious Chinese Academy of Sciences has published a paper by Professor Yang Juan confirming their high power test results. At an input power of 2.5kW, their 2.45GHz EmDrive thruster provides 720mN of thrust. The results have clearly been subject to extensive peer review following the NWPU 2010 paper. The measurements were made on a national standard, thrust measurement device, used for Ion Engine development. Details of the measurement system and calibration data are given in the paper. A professional English translation is given here: Yang Juan 2012 paper

September 2012

A solution to the acceleration limitation of superconducting EmDrive engines has been found. The application of this breakthrough has been described at a recent presentation, where a hybrid spaceplane provides a dramatic reduction in launch cost to geostationary orbit. A reduction factor of 130 compared to Atlas V launch costs is predicted. This will lead to Solar Power Satellites becoming a low cost, baseload, energy source. The presentation can be downloaded here: 2G update

July 2012

An English translation of the 2010 Chinese paper, together with unpublished test results have been obtained. The last line of the paper confirms that experimental thrust measurements have been made at 1kW input power. The unpublished test results show a large number of thrust measurements at input powers up to 2.5kW. The mean specific thrust obtained is close to that measured in the SPR flight thruster tests.

Note that the Chinese thruster, if deployed on the ISS, would easily provide the necessary delta V to compensate for orbital decay, thus eliminating the need for the reboost/refueling missions.

The original 2010 paper, the translation and the unpublished test results are given here:

NWPU 2010 paper

NWPU 2010 paper (English translation)

NWPU 2010 unpublished test results

June 2011

Two papers have been identified, published by Professor Yang Juan of The North Western Polytechnical University, Xi'an, China. These papers provide an independent proof of the theory of EmDrive. Abstracts of these papers are given in Chinese Paper Abstracts. The originals are written in Chinese.

August 2010

A Technology Transfer contract with a major US aerospace company was successfully completed. This 10 month contract was carried out under a UK Export Licence and a TAA issued by the US State Department. Details are subject to ITAR regulations.

June 2010

A paper was presented at the 2nd Conference on Disruptive Technology in Space Activities. See: Toulouse 2010 Paper

Earlier papers presented in a series of international conferences were:

Brighton 2005 paper

IAC 2008 paper

CEAS 2009 paper

May 2010

The Flight Thruster test programme was successfully completed. See: Flight Programme
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Re: super-science breakthrough compendium thread

Postby seemslikeadream » Fri Nov 09, 2018 9:51 am


Meet the bionic mushroom that can generate electricity

By Jack Guy, CNN
Updated 3:19 PM EST, Thu November 08, 2018

B5C1A63E-FB2A-40A1-BBED-60B9C5B20860.jpeg


The mushroom is covered with clusters of cyanobacteria and an electrode network.
(CNN) Finding clean ways to generate energy is a priority for scientists eager to reduce the world's reliance on fossil fuels. Now, a team of US researchers say they've found a way to make environmentally friendly energy using bionic mushrooms covered in bacteria.

Clusters of energy-producing cyanobacteria were attached to a typical button mushroom using 3D-printing technology, alongside an electrode network to harness the power they produce.

Cyanobacteria are common on land and in the oceans, and scientists are intrigued by their ability to turn light into energy via photosynthesis.

Cyanobacteria appear in green

Despite research projects examining how cyanobacteria could be used to make electricity, their use in power generation is limited by the fact that they cannot survive for long on artificial surfaces.

However, the mushroom provides great conditions for the bacteria to thrive, thanks to a combination of nutrients, temperature and moisture, and the scientists found they survived several days longer on the mushroom than on other surfaces.

The research was carried out by Manu Mannoor and Sudeep Joshi of the Stevens Institute of Technology in New Jersey. They say their research shows the possibilities of "engineered symbiosis" between organisms and nonliving materials, which they characterize as different worlds.


"What we show in this paper is an approach utilizing a multi-material 3d printing to integrate and seamlessly merge (you can also say sort of 'marrying') the 'smart' properties of these both worlds - one of biological living micro-organisms and the other of abiotic functional nanomaterials," Mannoor wrote in an email.

Their work, published Wednesday in the journal Nano Letters, could be used to generate green energy at a time of growing concern over climate change. Although one so-called bionic mushroom produces only a small amount of bio-electricity, the scientists are working to connect a number of them in an array that could power a small lamp

In addition, the team is looking into how to produce higher electrical currents using the bionic mushrooms, which would make them more useful.

The science behind the discovery fcould be used for other applications.

"As I mentioned, bacteria possess many other properties beside the electricity production," Mannoor said. "For example there are plenty bacteria in the human body that perform many functions."

"We would like to extend this approach of creating 'designer 3D bacterial nano-bionic' systems for application in biomedical field."

The Stevens Institute said in a statement that "The hybrids are part of a broader effort to better improve our understanding of cells biological machinery and how to use those intricate molecular gears and levers to fabricate new technologies and useful systems."

https://amp.cnn.com/cnn/2018/11/08/heal ... index.html
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Re: super-science breakthrough compendium thread

Postby seemslikeadream » Fri Nov 23, 2018 12:52 pm

Scientists just found a previously unknown part of the human brain

A brain cartographer suggests the cluster of cells appears unique to humans and may be responsible for fine motor control.

Jackson RyanNovember 22, 2018 7:39 PM PST

Neuroscience Research Australia
Thirty years ago, George Paxinos noticed an unusual assortment of cells lurking near the brain stem -- but he didn't think much of it.

Going over the region in 2018, he was once again struck by it. Now Paxinos' new research suggests that cluster of cells is definitely important. In fact, it appears to be a completely unknown region of the human brain. The early suggestion is that this bundle of neurons may be responsible for fine motor control, dictating our ability to strum the guitar, write and play sports.

Professor Paxinos is one of the world's most respected "brain cartographers". He creates atlases of human and animal brains that allow neuroscientists, brain surgeons and clinicians to get a better grasp of just what makes up the thinking boxes in our skull.

Coming back to the region that he was originally interested in before publishing his first atlas 28 years ago led to the discovery of the tiny grouping of brain cells. He's crowned the new region "the Endorestiform nucleus" because of its location at the base of the brain in the restiform body.

"One intriguing thing about this endorestiform nucleus is that it seems to be present only in the human, we have not been able to detect it in the rhesus monkey or the marmoset that we have studied," he explained.

It's location, between the brain stem and the spinal cord, is the only inkling we currently have about the brain cells function. As Paxinos has been unable to locate the same region in other apes, he guesses that it must be useful in the fine motor control that humans are so uniquely good at.

You can hear professor Paxinos discuss the finding in the video below.


However, while the structure does appear to be important, further work will be required to understand how its function relates to its form. Paxinos only journeys into the brain to craft a map so it will be up to other intrepid brain explorers to journey back to the centre of the neural bundle and learn more.

The oft-repeated line about our brains containing as many neurons as there are stars in the galaxy doesn't quite ring true -- but with some 86 billion neurons pulsing away upstairs, improving our understanding of the brain is still a mammoth task. Discoveries like this allow scientists and researchers to understand normal brain physiology, providing great insight on how or why things go wrong in pathologies such as Alzheimer's or motor neuron disease.
https://www.cnet.com/news/scientists-ju ... man-brain/
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Re: super-science breakthrough compendium thread

Postby seemslikeadream » Mon Dec 10, 2018 6:53 pm

Earth's Mysterious 'Deep Biosphere' Is Home to Millions of Undiscovered Species, Scientists Say

By Brandon Specktor, Senior Writer | December 10, 2018 02:41pm ET
Earth's Mysterious 'Deep Biosphere' Is Home to Millions of Undiscovered Species, Scientists Say
A nematode (eukaryote) in a biofilm of microorganisms. This deep-dwelling creature (Poikilolaimus sp.) was discovered in the Kopanang gold mine in South Africa, and was found 0.86 miles (1.4 km) below the surface.
Credit: Gaetan Borgonie (Extreme Life Isyensya, Belgium)
Life on Earth takes billions of shapes, but to see most of them you'll have to dig deep below the planet's surface.

For the past 10 years, that's what the scientists of the Deep Carbon Observatory (DCO) have been doing. Composed of more than 1,000 scientists from 52 countries around the world, this group of scientists maps the weird, wild life of Earth's "deep biosphere" — the mysterious patchwork of underground ecosystems that exists between Earth's surface and its core. It might sound like an unglamorous world of dirt, darkness and daunting pressure but, according to new research from the DCO, harsh conditions haven't stopped millions of undiscovered species of microbial life from evolving there since the planet's birth. [Extreme Life on Earth: 8 Bizarre Creatures]

In a statement that dubs Earth's deep biosphere a "subterranean Galapagos" waiting to be studied, DCO scientists estimate that the sheer biomass of carbon-based life lurking below our feet utterly dwarfs the amount of life roaming the Earth's surface. With about 17 billion to 25 billion tons of carbon (15 to 23 billion metric tonnes) under the planet's surface, DCO researchers estimate there is nearly 300 to 400 times as much carbon biomass underground (most of it still undiscovered) as there is in all the humans on Earth.

"Even in dark and energetically challenging conditions, intraterrestrial ecosystems have uniquely evolved and persisted over millions of years," Fumio Inagaki, a geomicrobiologist at the Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Technology and DCO member, said in the statement . "Expanding our knowledge of deep life will inspire new insights into planetary habitability, leading us to understand why life emerged on our planet and whether life persists in the Martian subsurface and other celestial bodies."

Indeed, studying Earth's deep microbial life has already pushed the understanding of the conditions under which life can thrive. Researchers have drilled miles into the seafloor and sampled the microbiomes from mines and boreholes at hundreds of sites around the world. Data from these sites suggest that the world's deep biosphere spans roughly 500 million cubic miles (2.3 billion cubic kilometers) — about twice the volume of all the Earth's oceans — and houses about 70 percent of all the planet's bacteria and single-cell archaea.

Some of these species make their homes among the world's hottest, deepest niches. A frontrunner for Earth's hottest organism in nature is the single-celled Geogemma barossii, according to the statement. Living in hydrothermal vents on the seafloor, this microscopic spherical lifeform grows and replicates at 250 degrees Fahrenheit (121 degrees Celsius), well above the boiling point of water at 212 degrees F (100 degrees C).

Meanwhile, the record for deepest-known life so far is about 3 miles (5 km) below the continental subsurface and 6.5 miles (10.5 km) below the ocean's surface. Under this much water, extreme pressure becomes an unavoidable fact of life; at about 1,300 feet (400 meters) depth, the pressure is about 400 times greater than at sea level, the researchers wrote.

Expanding what we know about the limits of life on Earth could potentially give scientists new criteria for searching for life on other planets. If there are potentially millions of undiscovered organisms growing, thriving and evolving in the dark of our planet's crust, then our studies of biodiversity on Earth so far have, literally, only scratched the surface.
https://www.livescience.com/64272-carbo ... phere.html
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Re: super-science breakthrough compendium thread

Postby seemslikeadream » Sat Jan 26, 2019 10:30 am

Discovered — A Previously Unknown Structure in the Human Body

human bone
X-ray view of a human bone. Ken Mayer / Flickr (CC BY 2.0)
This week’s video is a perfect storm of weird and wonderful, all squashed into a very matter-of-fact science explainer. There’s a dose of odd science in the form of an almost mythical-sounding procedure. It has helped researchers identify a previously unknown structure of the human body, just when we thought we knew everything there was to know.

This discovery, in turn, holds hope for the improved treatment of a widespread disease and an often fatal medical event. As a weird bonus, it also explains a mystery of combat surgery. And did we mention that indispensable pinch of cinnamon?

In an effort to understand how white blood cells move from the bone marrow — where they’re made — to sites of infection and injury in the body, scientists decided to study the arteries and veins known to reside within the spongy interior of bones. The team, from the Institute for Experimental Immunology and Imaging at the University of Duisburg-Essen in Germany, found more than they were bargaining for.

“Bones need a closed circulatory loop (CCL) to function properly,” said Dr. Anika Grüneboom from the University Hospital in Erlangen, the main author of the study. “This CCL delivers fresh blood via arteries into the bone and transports used blood out via veins. How exactly the CCL … functions was not totally clear — until now.”

The team started out with a leg bone from a plain old mouse, and turned it transparent using a process called “clearing.” This process uses a component of cinnamon called ethyl cinnamate to wash away fatty tissue around cells, thus making bones — and even organs like hearts — transparent.

Once all the fatty tissue had been removed, the little leg bone looked as if it were made of glass, and all the veins and arteries were visible — as expected.

What happened when the team put the bone under a microscope was not expected.

They noticed hundreds of tiny trans-cortical vessels — TCVs — traveling through teeny channels in the bones. After analysis, the team deduced that these TCVs are far more important than first thought, and that the majority of blood traveling from the marrow passes through them.

“It is really unexpected being able to find a new and central anatomical structure that has not been described in any textbook in the 21st century,” said Matthias Gunzer, molecular immunologist at the university where the research took place.

TCVs have also been found in the skull — where they connect directly to the surface of the brain. A team of researchers from Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard University stained a kind of immune cell called a neutrophil, and watched it use TCVs to travel into the body.

Understanding how these immune cells travel through the TCV network could help treat stroke patients, and ease the symptoms of inflammatory conditions like arthritis.

These findings explain why trauma and military surgeons have been able to deliver drugs and fluids quickly to patients when they can’t find a vein to stick a needle in, or when time and circumstances preclude inserting an intravenous drip. For more than 90 years, surgeons in emergency situations have injected medicines directly into the leg bone, a procedure called intraosseous infusion. Now, knowing exactly how intraosseous infusion works has opened up a whole new avenue of treatment.

Here’s the video, which coolly describes the findings. Don’t miss seeing the “glass” bone.


https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Tn0mPMrEZPo
https://whowhatwhy.org/2019/01/26/disco ... uman-body/
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Re: super-science breakthrough compendium thread

Postby seemslikeadream » Sat Mar 02, 2019 10:14 pm

Complex Life May Have Existed on Earth Much Earlier Than We Thought

Exciting new evidence from an ancient sea in Africa.

Dirk Schulze-MakuchFebruary 25, 2019

Image

Suspected traces of a tunneling organism, 2.1 billion years ago. (El Albani et al., PNAS)
airspacemag.com
A new paper published in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences by Abderrazak El Albani from the University of Poitiers in France and colleagues may lead paleontologists to rewrite the timeline of Earth’s natural history.

The research team analyzed the fossilized remains of a 2.1 billion-year-old, oxygenated shallow marine environment, now located in southeastern Gabon in West Africa. Tunnel structures discovered in the sediment—up to six millimeters in diameter and 170 mm in length—imply that some kind of slug-kind organism moved vertically and laterally through the sediment as it was still compacting. If so, the creatures may have fed on microbial mats.

Although the authors used modern tools including micro-CT scans, they could not say for certain whether the tunnels were created by a multicellular organism. The mucus trail left behind by the creature is reminiscent of today’s slime molds, but are much larger. Based on the organism’s motility—its ability to move independently using metabolic energy—and its apparent lifestyle of preying on other living things, it appears to have been astonishingly complex.

That’s not how we’ve come to think life on Earth evolved. The so-called Cambrian Explosion, the period in which most major animal phyla appear in the fossil record, happened 1.5 billion years after these tunneling creatures existed! The first animals on our planet, no more than a billion years ago, were assumed to be immobile filter feeders such as sponges, with passive lifestyles. In fact, eukaryotes—the first sophisticated microbes with a cell nucleus—didn’t even appear until 1.8 billion years ago, according to current thinking.

These newly found structures, produced by a macroscopic organism, predate both. If the findings by El Albani and colleagues are confirmed by later studies, it means that complex, possibly multicellular organisms evolved much earlier than previously thought.

There is another possible interpretation, even more exciting in my view. These organisms may be linked to the aftermath of the Great Oxidation Event, when oxygen levels on Earth rose above nearly oxygen-free background values for the first time in Earth’s history. The existence of these organisms, and complex life in general, could therefore be linked to the amount of oxygen present during that relatively brief period. And they may have disappeared when the level of oxygen declined again.

Either way, biological complexity appears to have occurred much easier and faster than we thought. And if the latter interpretation is correct, it may have arisen several times before it finally succeeded for good, and complex, macroscopic life forms took over the planet. This would be in line with what the Cosmic Zoo hypothesis predicts—that there are many paths to complex life, and that it could have been “invented” many times over.
https://www.airspacemag.com/daily-plane ... 180971557/
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Re: super-science breakthrough compendium thread

Postby seemslikeadream » Mon Mar 04, 2019 9:19 pm

The Trump admin shut down a stem cell study into a potential cure late last year

Trump administration fires all members of HIV/AIDS advisory council
https://www.washingtonpost.com


H.I.V. Is Reported Cured in a Second Patient, a Milestone in the Global AIDS Epidemic

March 4, 2019
BREAKING

Scientists have long tried to duplicate the procedure that led to the first permanent remission 12 years ago. With the so-called London patient, they seem to have succeeded.

A colored transmission electron micrograph of the H.I.V. virus, in green, attaching to a white blood cell, in orange.NIBSC/Science Source

For just the second time since the global epidemic began, a patient appears to have been cured of infection with H.I.V., the virus that causes AIDS.

The news comes nearly 12 years to the day after the first patient known to be cured, a feat that researchers have long tried, and failed, to duplicate. The surprise success now confirms that a cure for H.I.V. infection is possible, if difficult, researchers said.

The investigators are to publish their report on Tuesday in the journal Nature and to present some of the details at the Conference on Retroviruses and Opportunistic Infections in Seattle.

Publicly, the scientists are describing the case as a long-term “remission.” In interviews, most experts are calling it a cure, with the caveat that it is hard to know how to define the word when there are only two known instances.

Both milestones resulted from bone-marrow transplants given to infected patients. But the transplants were intended to treat cancer in the patients, not H.I.V.

Bone-marrow transplantation is unlikely to be a realistic treatment option in the near future. Powerful drugs are now available to control H.I.V. infection, while the transplants are risky, with harsh side effects that can last for years.

But rearming the body with immune cells similarly modified to resist H.I.V. might well succeed as a practical treatment, experts said.

“This will inspire people that cure is not a dream,” said Dr. Annemarie Wensing, a virologist at the University Medical Center Utrecht in the Netherlands. “It’s reachable.”

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Dr. Wensing is co-leader of IciStem, a consortium of European scientists studying stem cell transplants to treat H.I.V. infection. The consortium is supported by AMFAR, the American AIDS research organization.

The new patient has chosen to remain anonymous, and the scientists referred to him only as the “London patient.”

“I feel a sense of responsibility to help the doctors understand how it happened so they can develop the science,” he told The New York Times in an email.

Learning that he could be cured of both cancer and H.I.V. infection was “surreal” and “overwhelming,” he added. “I never thought that there would be a cure during my lifetime.”

At the same conference in 2007, a German doctor described the first such cure in the “Berlin patient,” later identified as Timothy Ray Brown, 52, who now lives in Palm Springs, Calif.

That news, displayed on a poster at the back of a conference room, initially gained little attention. Once it became clear that Mr. Brown was cured, scientists set out to duplicate his result with other cancer patients infected with H.I.V.

In case after case, the virus came roaring back, often around nine months after the patients stopped taking antiretroviral drugs, or else the patients died of cancer. The failures left scientists wondering whether Mr. Brown’s cure would remain a fluke.

Mr. Brown had had leukemia, and after chemotherapy failed to stop it, needed two bone-marrow transplants.

We’ll bring you stories that capture the wonders of the human body, nature and the cosmos.

The transplants were from a donor with a mutation in a protein called CCR5, which rests on the surface of certain immune cells. H.I.V. uses the protein to enter those cells but cannot latch on to the mutated version.

Mr. Brown was given harsh immunosuppressive drugs of a kind that are no longer used, and suffered intense complications for months after the transplant. He was placed in an induced coma at one point and nearly died.

Timothy Ray Brown, the first person to be cured of H.I.V., almost died during the treatment.Grant Hindsley for The New York Times


Timothy Ray Brown, the first person to be cured of H.I.V., almost died during the treatment.Grant Hindsley for The New York Times
“He was really beaten up by the whole procedure,” said Dr. Steven Deeks, an AIDS expert at the University of California, San Francisco, who has treated Mr. Brown. “And so we’ve always wondered whether all that conditioning, a massive amount of destruction to his immune system, explained why Timothy was cured but no one else.”

The London patient has answered that question: A near-death experience is not required for the procedure to work.

He had Hodgkin’s lymphoma and received a bone-marrow transplant from a donor with the CCR5 mutation in May 2016. He, too, received immunosuppressive drugs, but the treatment was much less intense, in line with current standards for transplant patients.

He quit taking anti-H.I.V. drugs in September 2017, making him the first patient since Mr. Brown known to remain virus-free for more than a year after stopping.

“I think this does change the game a little bit,” said Dr. Ravindra Gupta, a virologist at University College London who presented the findings at the Seattle meeting. “Everybody believed after the Berlin patient that you needed to nearly die basically to cure H.I.V., but now maybe you don’t.”

Although the London patient was not as ill as Mr. Brown had been after the transplant, the procedure worked about as well: The transplant destroyed the cancer without harmful side effects. The transplanted immune cells, now resistant to H.I.V., seem to have fully replaced his vulnerable cells.

Most people with the H.I.V.-resistant mutation, called delta 32, are of Northern European descent. IciStem maintains a database of about 22,000 such donors.

So far, its scientists are tracking 38 H.I.V.-infected people who have received bone-marrow transplants, including six from donors without the mutation.

The London patient is 36 on this list. Another one, number 19 on the list and referred to as the “Düsseldorf patient,” has been off anti-H.I.V. drugs for four months. Details of that case will be presented at the Seattle conference later this week.

The consortium’s scientists have repeatedly analyzed the London patient’s blood for signs of the virus. They saw a weak indication of continued infection in one of 24 tests, but say this may be the result of contamination in the sample.

The most sensitive test did not find any circulating virus. Antibodies to H.I.V. were still present in his blood, but their levels declined over time, in a trajectory similar to that seen in Mr. Brown.

None of this guarantees that the London patient is forever out of the woods, but the similarities to Mr. Brown’s recovery offer reason for optimism, Dr. Gupta said.

“In a way, the only person to compare with directly is the Berlin patient,” he said. “That’s kind of the only standard we have at the moment.”

“I think this does change the game a little bit,” said Dr. Ravindra Gupta, a virologist at University College London.Jane Stockdale for The New York Times

“I think this does change the game a little bit,” said Dr. Ravindra Gupta, a virologist at University College London.Jane Stockdale for The New York Times
Most experts who know the details agree that the new case seems like a legitimate cure, but some are uncertain of its relevance for AIDS treatment overall.

“I’m not sure what this tells us,” said Dr. Anthony Fauci, director of the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases. “It was done with Timothy Ray Brown, and now here’s another case — ok, so now what? Now where do we go with it?”

One possibility, said Dr. Deeks and others, is to develop gene-therapy approaches to knock out CCR5 on immune cells or their predecessor stem cells. Resistant to H.I.V. infection, these modified cells should eventually clear the body of the virus.

(CCR5 is the protein that He Jiankui, a scientist in China, claimed to have modified with gene editing in at least two children, in an attempt to make them resistant to H.I.V. — an experiment that set off international condemnation.)

Several companies are pursuing gene therapies but have not yet been successful. The modification must target the right number of cells, in the right place — only the bone marrow, for example, and not the brain — and tweak only the genes directing production of CCR5.

“There are a number of levels of precision that must be reached,” said Dr. Mike McCune, a senior adviser on global health to the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation. “There are also concerns that you might do something untoward, and if so you might wish to have a kill switch.”

Several teams are working on all of these obstacles, Dr. McCune said. Eventually, they may be able to develop a viral delivery system that, when injected into the body, seeks out all CCR5 receptors and deletes them, or even a donor stem cell that is resistant to H.I.V. but could be given to any patient.

“These are dreams, right? Things on the drawing table,” Dr. McCune said. “These dreams are motivated by cases like this — it helps us to imagine what might be done in the future.”

One important caveat to any such approach is that the patient would still be vulnerable to a form of H.I.V. called X4, which employs a different protein, CXCR4, to enter cells.

“This is only going to work if someone has a virus that really only uses CCR5 for entry — and that’s actually probably about 50 percent of the people who are living with H.I.V., if not less,” said Dr. Timothy J. Henrich, an AIDS specialist at the University of California, San Francisco.

Even if a person harbors only a small number of X4 viruses, they may multiply in the absence of competition from their viral cousins. There is at least one reported case of an individual who got a transplant from a delta 32 donor but later rebounded with the X4 virus. (As a precaution against X4, Mr. Brown is taking a daily pill to prevent H.I.V. infection.)

Mr. Brown says he is hopeful that the London patient’s cure proves as durable as his own. “If something has happened once in medical science, it can happen again,” Mr. Brown said. “I’ve been waiting for company for a long time.”

A cake presented to Mr. Brown marking 12 years since he was cured, at a workshop at the Seattle Public Library on Sunday.Grant Hindsley for The New York Times

A cake presented to Mr. Brown marking 12 years since he was cured, at a workshop at the Seattle Public Library on Sunday.Grant Hindsley for The New York Times
More reporting on H.I.V. and AIDS
https://www.nytimes.com/2019/03/04/heal ... tient.html
Mazars and Deutsche Bank could have ended this nightmare before it started.
They could still get him out of office.
But instead, they want mass death.
Don’t forget that.
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Re: super-science breakthrough compendium thread

Postby seemslikeadream » Wed Mar 06, 2019 4:48 pm

Einstein manuscripts: More than 110 new documents released

Image
A number of manuscripts are displayed on a tableAFP

In one note, Einstein confesses that after 50 years of dedication, he does not understand the quantum nature of light
Dozens of manuscripts belonging to Albert Einstein, many of them unseen in public before, have been unveiled by the Hebrew University of Jerusalem.

More than 110 new documents are now on display at the university, marking the 140th anniversary of Einstein's birth.

The collection includes scientific work by the Nobel Prize winner that has never been published or researched.

It was donated by the Crown-Goodman Family Foundation and purchased from a private collector in North Carolina.

The manuscripts contain an appendix to Einstein's article on Unified Theory that had not been seen since 1930. He spent three decades attempting to unify the forces of nature into a single theory.

According to the university, the appendix was thought to be lost.
Image

Manuscripts on display inside an exhibition at the Hebrew University of JerusalemAFP
The collection joins more than 80,000 items in the Albert Einstein Archives
In one note to fellow scientist Michele Besso, Einstein confesses that after 50 years of dedication, he does not understand the quantum nature of light.

The collection also includes a letter in which Einstein expresses concern about the rise of the Nazi party in Germany.

Sent to his son Hans Albert in 1935, the letter reads: "Even in Germany things are slowly starting to change. Let's just hope we won't have a Europe war first."

The new collection joins more than 80,000 items in the Albert Einstein Archives including medals, diplomas and photographs.

Einstein was one of the founders of the university and donated his personal and scientific writing to create the Albert Einstein Archives.

The archives' academic director, Hanoch Gutfreund, said: "We at the Hebrew University are proud to serve as the eternal home for Albert Einstein's intellectual legacy, as was his wish."

In 2017, a letter by Albert Einstein in which he grapples with the concept of religion sold for nearly $2.9m (£2.3m).
https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-47468184
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Re: super-science breakthrough compendium thread

Postby stickdog99 » Thu Mar 14, 2019 4:21 pm

seemslikeadream » 10 Dec 2018 22:53 wrote:
Earth's Mysterious 'Deep Biosphere' Is Home to Millions of Undiscovered Species, Scientists Say

By Brandon Specktor, Senior Writer | December 10, 2018 02:41pm ET
Earth's Mysterious 'Deep Biosphere' Is Home to Millions of Undiscovered Species, Scientists Say
A nematode (eukaryote) in a biofilm of microorganisms. This deep-dwelling creature (Poikilolaimus sp.) was discovered in the Kopanang gold mine in South Africa, and was found 0.86 miles (1.4 km) below the surface.
Credit: Gaetan Borgonie (Extreme Life Isyensya, Belgium)
Life on Earth takes billions of shapes, but to see most of them you'll have to dig deep below the planet's surface.

For the past 10 years, that's what the scientists of the Deep Carbon Observatory (DCO) have been doing. Composed of more than 1,000 scientists from 52 countries around the world, this group of scientists maps the weird, wild life of Earth's "deep biosphere" — the mysterious patchwork of underground ecosystems that exists between Earth's surface and its core. It might sound like an unglamorous world of dirt, darkness and daunting pressure but, according to new research from the DCO, harsh conditions haven't stopped millions of undiscovered species of microbial life from evolving there since the planet's birth. [Extreme Life on Earth: 8 Bizarre Creatures]

In a statement that dubs Earth's deep biosphere a "subterranean Galapagos" waiting to be studied, DCO scientists estimate that the sheer biomass of carbon-based life lurking below our feet utterly dwarfs the amount of life roaming the Earth's surface. With about 17 billion to 25 billion tons of carbon (15 to 23 billion metric tonnes) under the planet's surface, DCO researchers estimate there is nearly 300 to 400 times as much carbon biomass underground (most of it still undiscovered) as there is in all the humans on Earth.


Making humans the equivalent of a bad case of dandruff.
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Re: super-science breakthrough compendium thread

Postby seemslikeadream » Fri Apr 19, 2019 7:27 am

HIV used to cure 'bubble boy' disease
A young patient at St Jude Children's research hospital, with his motherCourtesy of St Jude Children's Research hospital
Gael, a patient at St Jude Children's research hospital who received treatment, with his mother
US scientists say they used HIV to make a gene therapy that cured eight infants of severe combined immunodeficiency, or "bubble boy" disease.

Results of the research, developed at a Tennessee hospital, were published in the New England Journal of Medicine.

The babies, born with little to no immune protection, now have fully functional immune systems.

Untreated babies with this disorder have to live in completely sterile conditions and tend to die as infants.

The gene therapy involved collecting the babies' bone marrow and correcting the genetic defect in their DNA soon after their born.

David Vetter, the bubble boySPL
David Vetter, who came to be known in the 1970s as the bubble boy
The "correct" gene - used to fix the defect - was inserted into an altered version of one of HIV, the virus that causes AIDS.

Researchers said most of the babies were discharged from the hospital within one month.

Dr Ewelina Mamcarz of St Jude, an author of the study, in a statement for the hospital: "These patients are toddlers now, who are responding to vaccinations and have immune systems to make all immune cells they need for protection from infections as they explore the world and live normal lives."

"This is a first for patients with SCID-X1," she added, referring to the most common type of SCID.

The patients were treated at St Jude Children's Research Hospital in Memphis and at UCSF Benioff Children's Hospital in San Francisco.

Bubble baby gene therapy 'worth the risk'
Gene therapy 'success' revealed
'Bubble boy' celebrates 10 years
What is this syndrome?

The case of David Vetter is perhaps the most famous case of severe combined immunodeficiency (SCID), a disease that made it impossible for him to engage with the world outside of a plastic chamber.

Nicknamed "Bubble Boy", Vetter was born in 1971 with the disease and died at the age of 12 after a failed bone marrow transplant.

David Vetter, the bubble boyGetty Images
Within 20 seconds of his birth at the Texas Children's Hospital in Houston, he was placed in a plastic isolation chamber, where he lived until the age of six when he was given a special plastic suit designed by Nasa, the US space agency.

His parents had already lost one child to the disease before he was born.

David Vetter, the bubble boyGetty Images
What are other treatment options?

Currently, the best treatment for SCID-XI is a bone marrow transplant with a tissue-matched sibling donor. But according to St Jude, more than 80% of these patents lack such donors and must rely on blood stem cells from other donors.

This process is less likely to cure the bubble boy disease, and is more likely to cause serious side effects as a result of treatment.

Previous advancements in gene therapy provided alternatives to a bone marrow transplant, but these treatments sometimes involved chemotherapy and had implications for a range of other diseases, including blood disorders, sickle cell anaemia and thalassaemia, and metabolic syndrome.


When Rhys Harris had his treatment, his parents did not know if he would survive
https://www.bbc.com/news/world-us-canad ... ow_twitter
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Re: super-science breakthrough compendium thread

Postby cptmarginal » Tue Apr 23, 2019 9:20 am

Colossal barocaloric effects near room temperature in plastic crystals of neopentylglycol

https://www.cam.ac.uk/research/news/gre ... identified

Researchers from the UK and Spain have identified an eco-friendly solid that could replace the inefficient and polluting gases used in most refrigerators and air conditioners.

When put under pressure, plastic crystals of neopentylglycol yield huge cooling effects – enough that they are competitive with conventional coolants. In addition, the material is inexpensive, widely available and functions at close to room temperature. Details are published in the journal Nature Communications.

The gases currently used in the vast majority of refrigerators and air conditioners —hydrofluorocarbons and hydrocarbons (HFCs and HCs) — are toxic and flammable. When they leak into the air, they also contribute to global warming.

“Refrigerators and air conditioners based on HFCs and HCs are also relatively inefficient,” said Dr Xavier Moya, from the University of Cambridge, who led the research with Professor Josep Lluís Tamarit, from the Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya. “That’s important because refrigeration and air conditioning currently devour a fifth of the energy produced worldwide, and demand for cooling is only going up.”

To solve these problems, materials scientists around the world have sought alternative solid refrigerants. Moya, a Royal Society Research Fellow in Cambridge’s Department of Materials Science and Metallurgy, is one of the leaders in this field.

In their newly-published research, Moya and collaborators from the Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya and the Universitat de Barcelona describe the enormous thermal changes under pressure achieved with plastic crystals.

Conventional cooling technologies rely on the thermal changes that occur when a compressed fluid expands. Most cooling devices work by compressing and expanding fluids such as HFCs and HCs. As the fluid expands, it decreases in temperature, cooling its surroundings.

With solids, cooling is achieved by changing the material’s microscopic structure. This change can be achieved by applying a magnetic field, an electric field or through mechanic force. For decades, these caloric effects have fallen behind the thermal changes available in fluids, but the discovery of colossal barocaloric effects in a plastic crystal of neopentylglycol (NPG) and other related organic compounds has levelled the playfield.

Due to the nature of their chemical bonds, organic materials are easier to compress, and NPG is widely used in the synthesis of paints, polyesters, plasticisers and lubricants. It’s not only widely available, but also is inexpensive.

NPG’s molecules, composed of carbon, hydrogen and oxygen, are nearly spherical and interact with each other only weakly. These loose bonds in its microscopic structure permit the molecules to rotate relatively freely.

The word “plastic” in “plastic crystals” refers not to its chemical composition but rather to its malleability. Plastic crystals lie at the boundary between solids and liquids.

Compressing NPG yields unprecedentedly large thermal changes due to molecular reconfiguration. The temperature change achieved is comparable with those exploited commercially in HFCs and HCs.

The discovery of colossal barocaloric effects in a plastic crystal should bring barocaloric materials to the forefront of research and development to achieve safe environmentally friendly cooling without compromising performance.

Moya is now working with Cambridge Enterprise, the commercialisation arm of the University of Cambridge, to bring this technology to market.
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Re: super-science breakthrough compendium thread

Postby PufPuf93 » Fri May 03, 2019 3:35 am

https://www.quantamagazine.org/how-twis ... -20190430/

With a Simple Twist, a ‘Magic’ Material Is Now the Big Thing in Physics

The stunning emergence of a new type of superconductivity with the mere twist of a carbon sheet has left physicists giddy, and its discoverer nearly overwhelmed.

ablo Jarillo-Herrero is channeling some of his copious energy into a morning run, dodging startled pedestrians as he zips along, gradually disappearing into the distance. He’d doubtlessly be moving even faster if he weren’t dressed in a sports coat, slacks and dress shoes, and confined to one of the many weirdly long corridors that crisscross the campus of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. But what he lacks in gear and roadway he makes up for in determination, driven by the knowledge that a packed auditorium is waiting for him to take the podium.

Jarillo-Herrero has never been a slacker, but his activity has jumped several levels since his dramatic announcement in March 2018 that his lab at MIT had found superconductivity in twisted bilayer graphene — a one-atom-thick sheet of carbon crystal dropped on another one, and then rotated to leave the two layers slightly askew.
The discovery has been the biggest surprise to hit the solid-state physics field since the 2004 Nobel Prize–winning discovery that an intact sheet of carbon atoms — graphene — could be lifted off a block of graphite with a piece of Scotch tape. And it has ignited a frenzied race among condensed-matter physicists to explore, explain and extend the MIT results, which have since been duplicated in several labs.

The observation of superconductivity has created an unexpected playground for physicists. The practical goals are obvious: to illuminate a path to higher-temperature superconductivity, to inspire new types of devices that might revolutionize electronics, or perhaps even to hasten the arrival of quantum computers. But more subtly, and perhaps more important, the discovery has given scientists a relatively simple platform for exploring exotic quantum effects. “There’s an almost frustrating abundance of riches for studying novel physics in the magic-angle platform,” said Cory Dean, a physicist at Columbia University who was among the first to duplicate the research.

Pablo Jarillo-Herrero’s work on twisted bilayer graphene has colleagues openly speculating about a Nobel Prize. “We try to be adventurous in this lab, and we have a good sense of smell,” he said. “This felt right.”

All this has left Jarillo-Herrero struggling to keep up with the demands of suddenly being out in front of a red-hot field that has already garnered its own name — “twistronics.” “Probably more than 30 groups are starting to work on it,” he said. “In three years it will be a hundred. The field is literally exploding.” Well, maybe not literally, but in every other way, it seems. He’s so swamped with requests to share his techniques and give talks that nearly tripling his speaking schedule has barely made a dent in the flow of invites. Even his students are turning down speaking offers. At the American Physical Society annual meeting in March it was standing room only at his session, leaving a crowd outside the doors hoping to catch snatches of the talk.

To tease out the startling observation, his group had to nail down a precise and dauntingly elusive twist in the layers of almost exactly 1.1 degrees. That “magic” angle had long been suspected to be of special interest in twisted bilayer graphene. But no one had predicted it would be that interesting. “It would have been crazy to predict superconductivity based on what we knew,” said Antonio Castro Neto, a physicist at the National University of Singapore. “But science moves forward not when we understand something, it’s when something totally unexpected happens in experiment.”

Beyond Belief

Castro Neto would know. In 2007 he suggested that pressing two misaligned graphene sheets together might produce some novel properties. (He later suggested that graphene might conceivably become superconducting under some specific conditions. “I just never put the two ideas together,” he said, wistfully.)

Several groups in the U.S. and Europe were soon studying the properties of twisted bilayer graphene, and in 2011, Allan MacDonald, a theoretical physicist at the University of Texas, Austin, urged his colleagues to hunt for interesting behavior at a particular “magic angle.” Like other theorists, MacDonald had focused on how the misalignment of the two sheets creates an angle-dependent moiré pattern — that is, a periodic grid of relatively giant cells, each of which is composed of thousands of graphene crystal cells in the two sheets. But where others had been struggling with the enormous computational complexity of determining how an electron would be affected by the thousands of atoms in a moiré cell, MacDonald hit on a simplifying concept.

He reckoned the moiré cell itself would have one property that varied strictly with rotation angle, more or less independently of the details of the atoms that made it up. That property was a critical one: the amount of energy a free electron in the cell would have to gain or shed to tunnel between the two graphene sheets. That energy difference was usually enough to serve as a barrier to intersheet tunneling. But MacDonald calculated that as the rotation angle narrowed from a larger one, the tunneling energy would shrink, finally disappearing altogether at exactly 1.1 degrees.

As that tunneling energy became small, the electrons in the sheets would slow down and become strongly correlated with one another. MacDonald didn’t know exactly what would happen then. Perhaps the highly conductive graphene sheets would turn into insulators, he speculated, or the twist would evoke magnetic properties. “I frankly didn’t have the tools to really say for sure what would happen in this sort of strongly correlated system,” said MacDonald. “Certainly superconducting is the thing you most hope to see, but I didn’t have the nerve to predict it.”
MacDonald’s ideas largely fell flat. When he submitted his paper for publication, reviewers dinged his simplifying assumptions as implausible, and the paper was rejected by several journals before landing in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. Then after it did come out, few experimentalists went after it. “I wasn’t sure what we’d get from it,” said Dean. “It felt like conjecture, so we put it aside.”

Science moves forward not when we understand something, it’s when something totally unexpected happens in experiment.

Also slow to pursue the magic angle was Philip Kim, a physicist at Harvard University and a kind of dean of the experimental twisted bilayer graphene field. (Both Dean and Jarillo-Herrero were postdocs in his lab.) “I thought Allan’s theory was too simple,” he said. “And like most experimenters, I thought it probably wasn’t possible to control the angle well enough. People started to forget about it.” In fact, said Kim, he and many others in the field were just about ready to move on from twisted bilayer graphene altogether, feeling other novel materials might present more exciting opportunities.

Not Jarillo-Herrero. He had already been working on twisted bilayer graphene for a year when MacDonald’s prediction was published in 2011, and he was convinced there was something to it — even after a colleague tried to warn him off it as a likely waste of time. “We try to be adventurous in this lab, and we have a good sense of smell,” said Jarillo-Herrero. “This felt right.”
The challenge, he knew, would be to create an ultraclean, highly homogeneous pair of graphene sheets that overcome the material’s natural opposition to holding a 1.1-degree angle. Graphene sheets show a strong tendency to pull into alignment with each other. And when forced into an offset position, the superflexible sheets tend to deform.

Jarillo-Herrero’s group went about polishing every aspect of the fabrication process: from creating and cleaning the sheets, to lining them up at just the right angle, to pressing them into place. The measurements had to be done in near vacuum to prevent contamination, and the results had to be cooled to within a few degrees of absolute zero to have a good chance of seeing correlated electron behavior — at higher temperatures the electrons move too energetically to have a chance to strongly interact.

The lab produced dozens of twisted bilayer graphene “devices,” as researchers call them, but none of them showed significant evidence of electron correlation. Then, in 2014, one of his students brought him a device that when exposed to an electric field showed signs of distinctly ungraphene-like insulating properties. Jarillo-Herrero simply put the device aside and continued making new ones. “Our devices are complicated. You can have flipped edges and other flaws that give weird results that have nothing to do with new physics,” he explains. “If you see something interesting once, you don’t pay attention to it. If you see it again, you pay attention.”

In the summer of 2017, doctoral student Yuan Cao, who at the age of 21 was already in his third year of graduate school at MIT, brought Jarillo-Herrero a new device that gave him reason to pay attention. As before, an electric field switched the device into an insulator. But this time they tried cranking up the field higher, and it suddenly switched again — into a superconductor.
The lab spent the next six months duplicating the results and nailing down measurements. The work was done in strict secrecy, a break from the typically highly open and collaborative culture of the twisted bilayer graphene field. “I had no way of knowing who else might be close to superconductivity,” said Jarillo-Herrero. “We share ideas and data all the time in this field, but we’re also very competitive.”

In January 2018, with a paper prepared, he called an editor at Nature, explained what he had, and made his submission contingent on the journal agreeing to a one-week review process — a friend had told him one of the seminal CRISPR papers had received that extraordinary treatment. The journal agreed, and the paper flew through the rush review.
Jarillo-Herrero sent a prepublication email heads-up to MacDonald, who hadn’t even known that Jarillo-Herrero had been doggedly pursuing the magic angle. “I couldn’t believe it,” said MacDonald. “I mean I actually found it beyond belief.” Dean learned about it along with the rest of the physics community at a conference in March 2018, right around the time that the Nature paper came out. “The results proved me spectacularly wrong,” Dean said.

The Perfect Playground

Physicists are excited about magic-angle twisted bilayer graphene not because it’s likely to be a practical superconductor but because they’re convinced it can illuminate the mysterious properties of superconductivity itself. For one thing, the material seems to act suspiciously like a cuprate, a type of exotic ceramic in which superconductivity can occur at temperatures up to about 140 kelvin, or halfway between absolute zero and room temperature. In addition, the sudden jumps in twisted bilayer graphene — from conducting to insulating to superconducting — with just a tweak of an external electric field indicate that free electrons are slowing to a virtual halt, notes physicist Dmitri Efetov of the Institute of Photonic Sciences (ICFO) in Barcelona, Spain. “When they stop, [the electrons] interact all the more strongly,” he said. “Then they can pair up and form a superfluid.” That fluidlike electron state is considered a core feature of all superconductors.

Pandora’s box has been opened.

The main reason 30 years of studying cuprates has shed relatively little light on the phenomenon is that cuprates are complex, multi-element crystals. “They’re poorly understood materials,” said Efetov, noting that they superconduct only when precisely doped with impurities during their demanding fabrication in order to add free electrons. Twisted bilayer graphene, on the other hand, is nothing but carbon, and “doping” it with more electrons merely requires applying a readily varied electric field. “If there’s any system where we can hope to understand strongly correlated electrons, it’s this one,” said Jarillo-Herrero. “Instead of having to grow different crystals, we just turn a voltage knob, or apply more pressure with the stamps, or change the rotation angle.” A student can try to change the doping in an hour at virtually no cost, he notes, versus the months and tens of thousands of dollars it might take to try out a slightly different doping scheme on a cuprate.
Also unique, said MacDonald, is the small number of electrons that seem to be doing the heavy lifting in magic-angle twisted bilayer graphene — about one for every 100,000 carbon atoms. “It’s unprecedented to see superconducting at such a low density of electrons,” he said. “It’s lower than anything else we’ve seen by at least an order of magnitude.” Over 100 papers have popped up on the scientific preprint server arxiv.org that offer theories to explain what might be going on in magic-angle twisted bilayer graphene. Andrei Bernevig, a theoretical physicist at Princeton University, calls it “a perfect playground” for exploring correlated physics.

Physicists seem eager to play on it. Besides being able to flip between extremes in conductivity with a literal push of a button, notes Rebeca Ribeiro-Palau, a physicist at the Center for Nanoscience and Nanotechnology near Paris, there’s already good evidence that twisted bilayer graphene’s magnetic, thermal and optical properties can be nudged into exotic behaviors as easily as its electronic properties can. “In principle you can switch any property of matter on and off,” she said. MacDonald points out, for example, that some of the insulating states in twisted bilayer graphene appear to be accompanied by magnetism that arises not from the quantum spin states of the electrons, as is typically the case, but entirely from their orbital angular momentum — a theorized but never-before-observed type of magnetism.

The Coming Age of Twistronics

Now that Jarillo-Herrero’s group has proven that magic angles are a thing, physicists are trying to apply the twistronics approach to other configurations of graphene. Kim’s group has been experimenting with twisting two double-layers of graphene and has already found evidence of superconductivity and correlated physics. Others are stacking up three or more layers of graphene in the hopes of gaining superconductivity at other magic angles, or perhaps even when they are aligned. Bernevig posits that as the layers stack up higher and higher, physicists may be able to get the superconductivity temperature to climb along with it. Other magic angles may play a role, too. Some groups are squeezing the sheets more tightly together in order to increase the magic angle, making it easier to achieve, while MacDonald suggests even richer physics may emerge at smaller, if much harder to target, magic angles.

Meanwhile, other materials are coming into the twistronics picture. Semiconductors and transitional metals can be deposited in twisted layers and are seen as good candidates for correlated physics — perhaps better than twisted bilayer graphene. “People are thinking of hundreds of materials than can be manipulated this way,” said Efetov. “Pandora’s box has been opened.”

Dean and Efetov are among those sticking with what might already be called classic twistronics, in the hopes of boosting correlated effects in magic-angle twisted bilayer graphene devices by literally smoothing out the wrinkles in their fabrication. Because there’s no chemical bonding to speak of between the two layers, and because the slightly offset layers try to settle into alignment, forcing them to hold a magic-angle twist creates stresses that lead to submicroscopic hills, valleys and bends. Those local distortions mean that some regions of the device might be within the magic range of twist angles, while other regions are not. “I’ve tried gluing the edges of the layers, but there are still local variations,” he complained. “Now I’m trying to figure out ways to minimize the initial strain when the layers are pressed together.” Efetov has recently reported progress in doing just that, and the results have already paid off in new superconducting states at temperatures of about 3 degrees kelvin, or twice as high as previously observed.

Having burst far out into the lead of the twisted bilayer graphene field in stunning fashion, Jarillo-Herrero isn’t sitting back and waiting for others to catch up. His lab’s main focus remains trying to coax ever more exotic behavior out of twisted bilayer graphene, taking advantage of the fact that through long trial and error he’s boosted his yield of superconducting samples to nearly 50 percent. Most other groups are struggling with yields a tenth of that or less. Given that it takes about two weeks to fabricate and test a device, that’s an enormous productivity edge. “We think we’re just beginning to see all the fascinating states that will come out of these magic-angle graphene systems,” he said. “There’s a vast phase space to explore.” But to cover his bases, he’s pulled his lab into also exploring twistronics in other materials.
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Re: super-science breakthrough compendium thread

Postby seemslikeadream » Sat Aug 03, 2019 11:47 am

I really really miss my friend justdrew :lovehearts: :hug1:

A Teen Scientist Figured out How to Suck Microplastics from the Ocean. There May Be Hope for Humanity.

We called him up and it gets even better.


Fionn Ferreira
On Monday, Fionn Ferreira, an 18-year-old from Ireland, took home the top prize—which includes, in addition to a lifetime of bragging rights, a $50,000 educational scholarship—at the Google Science Fair for his project on microplastic pollution.

Microplastics are plastic fragments less than 5 millimeters in size and they pose serious environmental and a public health risks. They are ubiquitous, having contaminated the most remote places of the world, including France’s Pyrenees mountains and the bottom of the Mariana Trench; they can be found in tap water and inside marine mammals and fish. While it’s not yet clear how microplastics affect human health, it’s safe to say they are of great concern to scientists.

Enter Ferreira, who speaks three languages, plays the trumpet, and has a dwarf planet named after him. Living near the water in West Cork, he was inspired to study microplastics after becoming “increasingly aware” of plastic ocean pollution. “I was alarmed to find out how many microplastics enter our wastewater system and consequently the oceans,” he writes in his project’s research paper. “This inspired me to try and find out a way to try and remove microplastics from waters before they even reached the sea.”

More than 100 miles from the nearest lab, he conducted all of his research at his home, fueled by hot chocolates from his parents. After running more than 1,000 tests (and starting an accidental fire), he figured out a way to remove about 87 percent of microplastic from water by using a magnetic liquid, or ferrofluid. The challenge now, he says, is to bring the project to scale.

Scientists congratulated Ferreira on Twitter, including YouTuber Dianna Cowern (also known as Physics Girl) and Mae Jemison, the first woman of color to travel in space, who wrote, “Channeling creativity and curiosity into ingenuity can change the world.”

I chatted with Ferreira this week via Skype about his inspiration for the project, dismantling his parent’s washing machine, his take on moving to Mars, and how, maybe, we shouldn’t just rely on kids to save the planet.

Of all areas of research to choose from, why did you choose to focus on microplastics?

I think microplastics are a huge problem here and all over the world. Microplastics not only are a huge threat to nature, but also a huge threat to ourselves. They bioaccumulate in us: If we eat fish containing microplastic, they may cause us harm and are linked to cancer.

So once you recognized the problem, how did you go about trying to solve it?

I found a method using ferrofluid with non-toxic iron oxide powder to remove microplastics from water. I think ferrofluid is one of the coolest liquids in the world. It’s a magnetic liquid. It makes really cool shapes when you bring magnets close to it. Currently, there’s no method to remove microplastics from water. So I kind of thought my project was unique.

“Currently, there’s no method to remove microplastics from water. So I kind of thought my project was unique.”
I think you’re not the only one who thought it was unique. How did you come up with the idea to combine oil and magnetite?

I found a stone at our seashore—we had a recent oil spill—and found little bits of plastic stuck in it. And this got me thinking, why is this happening? It turns out, oil and bits of plastic both have the same polarity [a physical property that determines if a substance can be dissolved by or attract another]. In chemistry, like attracts like, which means non-polar things attract non-polar things.

I first just added some vegetable oil to a sample containing plastics, and the plastics stuck in the vegetable oil. Then I thought, maybe I could further this slightly because I wanted to include a really cool part of chemistry. I thought, how can I remove this oil from water? And that’s how I thought of maybe adding magnetized powder and making this into a ferrofluid, something that I have worked with in school.

You made a great video of the extraction process. Can you explain what’s going on in it?

Essentially, what’s happening is that I’ve got some water containing microplastics. I add oil and magnetite powder. These form a ferrofluid, and then plastics are attracted by this. All I need to do is bring a magnet close to it and it will remove both the plastic and ferrofluids.




What did your parents think about you doing all this research at home?

I’m not really sure. I did take apart our washing machine [to collect microplastics] a couple of times. And, you know, things caught fire. I don’t know if they were too happy. They made me hot chocolates too, so there were definitely pros to it.

It also meant that for this project, I had to build all of my own equipment, from building a spectrometer to a microscope. And in addition to building it, I then had to use it for testing. So I think there were pros and cons. One of the pros was, I could [work on the project] whenever. Because I live about 200 kilometers [124 miles] away from the nearest lab, at home was the only place I could do it.

Did you feel like you’re cleaning up someone else’s mess because the microplastics have been left in large part by previous generations?

No. I think everybody, all humans, are responsible for this mess of microplastics. I don’t think we can blame one person for it. I’m sure that just in my life, I’ve given out lots of microplastics too, everything from driving my car, well, I don’t have a car, but my parents driving me around, and even washing my clothes. I think everybody is responsible. And I think that if I’ve found a method like this, why not use it? And why not put it to a greater good?

I read on your website that you also have an interest in space. Is that right?

Yes. I actually run a planetarium on the side, and I do planetarium shows. I have a dwarf planet named after me.

For someone with a fascination with space, why is it important to you to save this planet, rather than focusing on going to live on another one, like Mars?

I think it takes quite a long time to get to Mars. And I think it’s not viable to bring everybody on Earth to Mars. I’m not sure if I would like to go to Mars myself, I’d have to think about it first. But because of that, I think we should clean up our planet because I think we’ll be stuck here for quite a while longer. And I like our planet. Our planet’s pretty unique. I’ve looked at lots of planets in our solar system, and farther away, and I think our planet’s unique. I think that we should mind our own planet and we should take care of it.

When I see stories about young people doing innovative things, Greta Thunberg, for example, I always see people say, “Oh, thank goodness. The kids are going to save us.” As someone who might be the recipient of that kind of mentality, what do you think of that?

Well, I think that everybody here on Earth has a role to play. I think if we can save [the Earth], which I think we can, everybody needs to take part. And I don’t think it’s just the job of young people or just a job for old people; I think everybody should be engaged. Older people might have more influence and more power. And the same goes for young people too.

What’s next for you?

Well, for me anyway, next is going to university. I’m going to go to the University of Groningen in the Netherlands in August and I’m going to be studying chemistry. I think there are other projects which I can do, similar to this one, but I just have to learn a bit more chemistry.

Did you ever consider going to an American university?

I did for a while consider going to an American university. But it’s not really viable and not eco-friendly to travel 9,000 kilometers to go to university. And so because of that, I dismissed it quite early on. And I actually did receive a scholarship for the University of Arizona at one point, which I decided not to take because I like living in Europe. There is so much good legislation here around climate change and the environment, I wanted to stay at home.

This interview has been edited and condensed.
https://www.motherjones.com/environment ... -humanity/
Mazars and Deutsche Bank could have ended this nightmare before it started.
They could still get him out of office.
But instead, they want mass death.
Don’t forget that.
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Re: super-science breakthrough compendium thread

Postby seemslikeadream » Tue Oct 08, 2019 10:28 am

There's a Lost Continent Hiding Beneath Europe
By Yasemin Saplakoglu - Staff Writer a month ago Planet Earth
Image
Greater Adria as it existed 140 million years ago, before sliding beneath what is now southern europe. The darker green areas depict the land above the water and the lighter green, the land below.
Greater Adria as it existed 140 million years ago, before sliding beneath what is now southern europe. The darker green areas depict the land above the water and the lighter green, the land below.
(Image: © Douwe van Hinsbergen)
There's a lost continent hidden below southern Europe. And researchers have created the most detailed reconstruction of it yet.

The lost continent "Greater Adria" emerged about 240 million years ago, after it broke off from Gondwana, a southern supercontinent made up of Africa, Antarctica, South America, Australia and other major landmasses, as Science magazine reported.

Greater Adria was large, extending from what is now the Alps all the way to Iran, but not all of it was above the water. That means it was likely a string of islands or archipelagos, said lead author Douwe van Hinsbergen, the chair in global tectonics and paleogeography in the Department of Earth Sciences at Utrecht University in the Netherlands. It would have been a "good scuba diving region."

Related: In Images: How North America Grew As a Continent

Around 2,100 years ago, a woman was buried in a site now known as the "Russian Atlantis" with an unusual accessory resembling a modern iPhone.

Hinsbergen and his team spent a decade collecting and analyzing rocks that used to be part of this ancient continent. The mountain belts where these Greater Adrian rocks are found span about 30 different countries, Hinsbergen told Live Science. "Every country has their own geological survey and their own maps and their own stories and their own continents," he said. With this study, "we brought that all together in one big picture."

Earth is covered in large tectonic plates that move relative to each other. Greater Adria belonged to the African tectonic plate (but was not a part of the African continent, since there was an ocean between them), which was slowly sliding beneath the Eurasian tectonic plate, in what is now southern Europe.

Around 100 million to 120 million years ago, Greater Adria smashed into Europe and began diving beneath it — but some of the rocks were too light and so did not sink into Earth's mantle. Instead, they were "scraped off" — in a way that's similar to what happens when a person puts their arm under a table and then slowly moves it underneath: The sleeve get crumpled up, he said. This crumpling formed mountain chains such as the Alps. It also kept these ancient rocks locked in place, where geologists could find them.

Hinsbergen and his team looked at the orientation of tiny, magnetic minerals formed by primeval bacteria in these rocks. The bacteria make these magnetic particles in order to orient themselves with the Earth's magnetic field. When the bacteria die, the magnetic minerals are left behind in the sediment, Hinsbergen said.

With time the sediment around them turns into rock, freezing them in the orientation they were in hundreds of millions of years ago. Hinsbergen and his team found that in many of these regions, the rocks had undergone very large rotations.

What's more, Hinsbergen's team pieced together large rocks that used to belong together, such as in a belt of volcanoes or in a big coral reef. Moving faults scattered the rocks "like pieces of a broken plate," he said.

It's like a big jigsaw puzzle, Hinsbergen said. "All the bits and pieces are jumbled up and I spent the last 10 years making the puzzle again." From there, they used software to create detailed maps of the ancient continent and confirmed that it moved northward while twisting slightly, before colliding with Europe.

After many years working in the Mediterranean region, Hinsbergen has now moved on to reconstruct the lost plates in the Pacific Ocean. "But I'll probably return — probably in 5 or 10 years from now when a whole bunch of young students will demonstrate that parts are wrong," Hinsbergan said. "Then I'll come back and see if I can fix it."

The findings were published Sept. 3 in the journal Gondwana Research.
https://www.livescience.com/ancient-los ... urope.html
Mazars and Deutsche Bank could have ended this nightmare before it started.
They could still get him out of office.
But instead, they want mass death.
Don’t forget that.
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