Crop Circles Are No Hoax, Concludes Historian

[JackRiddler]

It carries some weak-ass evidence (look at the examples from the 1945 photo survey, on which the story is premised).

I'll admit I didn't engage the OP at all, "concludes historian" was my trigger, in that case.

My kudos. You are curmudgeonly beyond your years.

[seemslikeadream]

Pranks with Planks

During the twilight days of December 1998, small articles tucked away in the nether regions of the British press quietly announced "Unknown Force Was Behind Corn Circles, Claims Hoaxer" (click on picture for larger picture of one such article with text). This dramatic U-turn by Doug Bower, the surviving member of the infamous Doug & Dave duo — who since 1991 have misled the world with tales of their crop flattening prowess with planks of wood — illustrates that the hand of man materialized in crop circle lore long after the real phenomenon manifested.

Modern hoaxers claim that they applied boot to wheat in 1978, yet crop circles have appeared sporadically throughout the world since the early 1900s, with dozens of eyewitnesses even reporting crop circles forming in a matter of seconds as far back as 1890; several descriptive accounts were even documented in 1678 by Robert Plot, then curator of the Ashmolean. If hoaxers are responsible, they also appear to have mastered the art of time travel, in which case it is they who should be under scientific scrutiny.

To date some 10,000 crop circles have been catalogued worldwide, and their anomalous features continue to be irreplecatable: plants bent an inch above soil and gently laid down in geometrically-precise patterns with no physical signs of damage, altered cellular structure and soil chemistry, discrepancies in background radiation, alteration of the local electromagnetic field, massive depletion of the watershed, and dowsable, long-lasting energy patterns, not to mention measured effects on the human biological field. So much, then, for two guys and a piece of wood.

But thanks to a virtual embargo on research coverage throughout the media, a popular myth has developed that all crop circles have been nothing more than a prank with a plank.

By definition, hoaxes are forgeries. And forgeries require originals from which to copy. So what is this "unknown force" that creates genuine crop circles?

Music: The Unknown Force?

Echoed in all the world's faiths and traditions, universal matter was created by sound: "In the beginning was the Word, and the Word was with God," St. John reminds us. When our ancestors chose to symbolize this action of physical Creation they chose to do so with geometry: the circle as a representation of God, followed by the two overlapping circles as the act of separation between thought and matter.

It is from the womb of this symbol — the vesica piscis — that all geometric forms common to sacred geometry are born. Modern science has shown that these geometric rhythms lie at the center of atomic structures.

When Andrew Gladzewski carried out research into atomic patterns, plants, crystals, and harmonics in music, he concluded that atoms are harmonic resonators, proving that physical reality is actually governed by geometric arrays based on sound frequencies.

Even that primeval Hindu sound, the OM, from which is derived our modern term "hum," when sung into a tonoscope produces the very geometric shapes attributed with "sacredness." Perhaps the most important of these shapes is the hexagon, upon which the Egyptian matrix named the Flower of Life is based. This series of outwardly-rotating divisions of the circle accommodate the branches of the building blocks of life, the amino acids.

This Flower of Life has subsequently manifested as a crop circle. As the expression of number in space, geometry is inextricably linked to music, since the laws of geometry govern the mathematical intervals that make up the notes in the western music scale — the diatonic ratios. This is why the ancient Egyptians referred to geometry as "frozen music."

Crop Circles Yield New Mathematical Theorems

In the February 1992 edition of Science News, Prof. Gerald Hawkins used the principles of Euclidean geometry to prove that four theorems can be derived from the relationships of elements in crop circles. More significantly, he discovered a fifth theorem from which he could derive the other four.

Despite an open challenge, over half a million subscribers have been unable to create such a theorem, which Euclid himself only hinted at twenty-three centuries earlier in his thirteen treatises on mathematics. So it came as a slight surprise when its equilateral version materialized as 160,000 square feet of flattened barley at Litchfield, Hampshire, in 1995.

Since Hawkins's Euclidean theorems also produce diatonic ratios, a link exists between crop circles and musical notes, themselves the by-product of the harmonic laws of sound frequency.

Soon, crop circles bearing unmistakable associations with sound began to appear. One contained a curious ratchet feature from which is constructed a musical diagram also dating to the Egyptians: the Lambdoma. Also known as the Pythagorean Table, it defines the exact relationships between musical harmonics and mathematical ratios.

In 1996 another crop circle demonstrated the combination of two important figures — the 3-4-5 triangle, and the Golden Mean — producing the geometric diagram necessary to produce musical ratios.

But it was a convincing formation at Goodwood Clatford — which had its plants bent six inches from the top — that gave the proverbial nod to sound, for here was a representation of a cymatic pattern etched in 5000 square feet of barley.

Crop Circles and the Science of Cymatics

Cymatics is the study of vibrational wave patterns (see our March article Cymatics and the New Age of Miracles). One of its earliest pupils was Margaret Watts-Hughes who, in 1891, captured precise geometric patterns on film as she sang sustained notes into a device containing lycopodium powder.

But it would be another seventy six years before Swiss scientist Hans Jenny published the first of his painstaking studies on the transmission of sound through physical mediums, this time in the shape of monitored electronic frequencies.

He observed how sound vibration created geometric shapes — a low frequency produced a simple circle encompassed by rings, whereas a higher frequency increased the number of concentric rings around a central circle. As the frequencies rose so, too, did the complexity of shapes, to the point where tetrahedrons, mandalas, and other sacred forms could be discerned. Like Margaret Watts-Hughes before him, Hans Jenny enabled humanity to observe "frozen music."

Jenny also provided a physical connection to the creation of crop circles, since many of the vibrational patterns found in his photos mimic their designs. Some are blatant imitations, such as the circle surrounded by concentric rings typical of early '80s crop circle patterns: the tetrahedron at Barbury Castle in 1991, the spider's web mandala at Avebury from 1994, and even the highly-structured star fractals of 1997.

Other photos demonstrate the construction geometry encoded within the crop circle's skeleton.

Visually, then, there is little room to deny the connection between crop circle patterns and cymatics. But what evidence is there of sound in crop circles at a physical level?

The Sounds of the Circles

Many accounts exist of a trilling sound heard by people prior to witnessing crop circles forming. The reports describe a sudden stillness in the air, the morning birdsong superseded by a trilling sound, and the banging together of wheat heads despite an absence of wind. A whole section of crop then lies down in spiral fashion — the whole episode lasting less than fifteen seconds.

Circles researcher Colin Andrews came across the trilling noise himself when, in mild frustration during his search to find a single answer to the phenomenon, he beseeched the heavens, "God, if only you could tell me how these things are created." The reply he received was eventually captured on magnetic tape.

Subsequent analysis at Sussex University and NASA's Jet Propulsion Lab concluded that the noise was mechanical in nature, and beating at a frequency of 5.0-5.2kHz. Whilst recording an interview inside a crop circle, the same sound was heard by a BBC cameraman shortly before it rendered a £30,000 TV camera inoperable.

Interestingly, when the sound made another appearance during group research inside another formation it exhibited qualities of non-linear movement, and behaved in tandem with specific requests, sometimes on a psychic level.

Since the sound made in crop circles also has the ability to transmit on radio frequencies and interfere with electronic equipment, birds and insects can be ruled out; and although skeptics are quick to accuse researchers that the recorded sound is, in fact, the grasshopper warbler, stroboscopic analysis of both voice prints revealed vast differences between this bird and the bizarre noise. Besides, these birds frequent marshes, not vast, open fields of cereal crop.

Interestingly, the Aborigines relate to this trilling sound. During their ceremonies to contact — in their words — the Sky Spirits, a "bora," consisting of a specially-shaped piece of wood, is attached to the end of a long string and whirled, creating a noise practically identical to the crop circle hum.

One has to wonder where the inspiration for this device came from, who these Sky Spirits were, and what on earth made the timeless Aborigines associate this noise with them. That was, until it was discovered that not only have crop circles appeared in Australia — many throughout the 1960s — but their manifestation figures in Aboriginal lore, just as their geometries appear in rock paintings.

In 1998 sounds of a more melodic kind were heard and recorded inside a formation by three witnesses (or is it earwitnesses?); the design was founded on sevenfold geometry, a representation of the intervals in the diatonic music scale.

Several months later I came across a diagram called the Web of Athena, in which all the points of the heptagon are connected. Despite the jumble of lines, the diagram consists of just three line lengths, and by juxtaposing these onto a stringed instrument, the exact same notes were recreated.

Sound "Effects"

But perhaps the greatest connection linking sound to the manifestation of crop circles lies in their greatest anomaly: the permanent bending of the plants' stems. In Canada during the 1960s, laboratory experiments measured the effects of music on plants by subjecting them to different strains of tones. Exposure to heavy metal music made the plants tilt in the opposite direction, whereas classical music lulled the plants toward the speakers. But in the case of Hindu devotional music — and the songs of Ravi Shankar, in particular — the stems bent in excess of 60 degrees to the horizontal — perhaps the closest any human has ever come anywhere to achieving that right angle common to genuine crop circles.

Further experiments at Annamalai University applying Indian devotional song generated additional effects: the number of stomata in the experimental plants was 66 percent higher, the epidermal walls were thicker, and the palisade cells were longer and broader than control specimens, sometimes by as much as 50 percent.

Biophysical changes are known to occur in plants collected from crop circles. Tests performed since 1989 by American physicist Dr. W. C. Levengood consistently show how the energy creating crop circles is able to affect seed embryo and plant growth, elongate the plant's nodes, even alter the pattern of the chromosomes themselves.

But the effect extends beyond plants. Agricultural researcher George Smith found that exposing corn to sound frequencies produced a higher heat content in soil, as well as a slight burnt appearance in the plants. The effect is consistent with the slight "baking" regularly observed in crop circles, where the affected area appears noticeably drier than the rest of the field despite overnight rain; the same applies to the "slight burning" at the base of affected stalks.

Oddly enough, Smith speculated at the time that sound energy also increased molecular activity in plants — three decades before this effect was found in crop circle samples by Levengood. Since a sudden and abnormal burst of growth is also known to occur in affected plants, it was postulated that microwave was the culprit behind the creation of crop circles. However, microwave has the ability to render biological systems sterile, and a certain dose will even kill organisms. Yet the crop circles' plants are alive and well.

After four years of experiments on regular wheat at the University of Ottawa, Mary Measures and Pearl Weinberger found accelerated growth in laboratory samples, and postulated that the sound frequency they applied had produced a resonant effect in the plants' cells, thereby affecting their metabolism. The frequency that Measures and Weinberger applied was identical to the crop circle trilling noise.

Sound as one energy source capable of creating crop circles now becomes very feasible. But what type of sound coaxes plants to bend and lie down, applying firm and gentle pressure and, given the intricacy and complexity of latterday patterns, with a fine degree of control?

Ultrasound and Infrasound Effects

Interestingly, ultrasound is capable of interacting with physical elements to an incredible degree. It can be aimed, focused, and reflected almost like a light beam, and specific frequencies can be focused to cause certain kinds of molecules to vibrate while others nearby are left unmoved; in laboratory experiments, a flame has been extinguished by the application of such frequencies. The higher the frequency of ultrasound, the greater its ability to be directed.

This requires frequencies in the high MHz range, such as those detected in crop circles by Paul Vigay, who has undertaken experiments also to gauge discrepancies in electromagnetic frequency. Paul's empirical data shows how the level of background readings drops abruptly when he crosses the threshold of a formation. Close to the center, readings hover in the vacinity of 260-320 MHz.

But just as crop circles have made a quantum leap in mathematical complexity over the past two years, readings have jumped to 540 MHz. Incredibly, this coincides with Jenny's experiments which show that a relationship exists between the rising complexity of cymatic geometries in proportion to the rise of dispensed frequency. In other words, the level of frequency, whether in a laboratory or a field, correlates with the increase in design intricacy.

These extremely high frequencies ally with the mind-field and have been shown to affect the state of awareness and consciousness in humans. Reports of such have been compiled from hundreds of people visiting formations, where even simple left brain functions such as counting are affected.

When tuned in the MHz range, ultrasound prevents damage to sensitive tissues, so its healing properties are used in treating muscular ailments; these conditions also are synonymous with crop circle reports, the effects being relative to the age of each formation and duration of stay for the individual involved.

Below 20 Hz, sound becomes infrasonic, and such frequencies are directly involved with biological processes. When infrasonic frequencies are combined with high pressure, permanent changes are produced in receiving materials, since the acoustic power created by infrasound is in the order of kilowatts (which explains why long exposure in certain crop circles causes unpleasant conditions such as fatigue and nausea).

In water, infrasound creates heat which tears apart the molecules to form vapor. In the case of plants, whose stems are filled with water, the vaporization creates a void which collapses the area instantaneously as the energy is released. This action, called "vapor cavitation," also creates local temperature increases of hundreds of thousands of degrees for a fraction of a second.

Now, cut the base stem of a crop circle plant and you will notice a cooked odor. Combine this with millions of gallons of missing groundwater, as well as Levengood's discovery of microscopic blow-holes in the plants' cell wall pits (indicating a rapid boiling of water inside the plant), and everything starts to fall into place.

This process also creates a hissing sound. And if you are fortunate enough to visit a crop circle within a few hours of its appearance, you will find yourself surrounded by this hisssing sound until you leave.

Since infrasound is capable of atomizing water molecules and creating a fine mist, it should be mentioned that in 1996 a farmer out harvesting his field at Etchilhampton saw what he describes as "a series of columns of mist rising like cannonshot from the field next door." Mist looks very out-of-place in a wheat field in mid-afternoon on a dry, summer's day. Yet shortly after the incident a series of thirteen circles connected by a three quarter-mile long avenue and a Sanskrit glyph appeared in the very same field.

Finally, cavitation is accompanied by a sudden spark of light called sonoluminescence, caused by the production of electrical discharges as the water/vapor is ionized. And the lower the operating frequency, the greater the effect. In a laboratory, 18 Hz has been used as the lowest safety threshold below which the pressure formed by infrasound is known to produce disruption to chromosomes.

Every summer, crop circle plants of every variety are sent blind to Dr. Levengood, and some inevitably show unmistakable disruption to their chromosomes. Yet give him samples deliberately produced by field forgers and he'll find something really unusual: perfectly normal plants.

Crop Circles and the Soul of the World

The musical scale, constructed on the harmonics of sacred geometry, and now found within the framework of crop circles, represents the mathematical structure of the Soul of the World because it embodies the essence of the Universe. So it's no coincidence that a large percentage of crop circles can be identified with — and by — ancient cultures, who to this day honor their histories through song and music, their healing rituals performed with sound and rhythm.

This relationship of sound to the sacred is further extended in Buddhist mandalas, whose elaborate geometries are claimed to be the physicalization of chants which are used to alter states of consciousness.

Perhaps it is not by coincidence that crop circle designs mirror these intricate patterns, just as they bear an uncanny familiarity to Jenny's materializations of sound.

If sound vibrations are both encoded into and generated by crop circles, is it not possible that they, too, can arouse the individual at a spiritual level? After all, it's through music that whole human experiences are celebrated and carried from generation to generation. It is very probable that it is for this reason that the very shape of the human ear — more specifically the cochlea — is a spiral constructed according to the harmonic laws of tone, just as the same spiral forms the primary basis from which thousands of crop circles have sprung.

Music is a carrier for social change. The effects of Handel's music are believed to have reversed the state of morality in Victorian England, just as the anarchic overtones of Punk corraled disillusioned youth into fighting an establishment that held no tolerance for those who stepped outside the system.

The effects in people's states of awareness through contact with crop circles is similarly documented. In 1990 a pictogram at Alton Barnes sported the trident of Shiva the Transformer. Ironically, it was through exposure to this crop circle that millions around the world were transformed, just as images of crop circles today continue to enlighten the consciousness of those who come into contact with them.

As Monteverdi once remarked, "the end of all good music is to affect the soul." If sound is one of the formative principles behind crop circles, it is not surprising that they are leaving psychological impressions on those whose antennae are extended and receptive to their tune.

water/sound/vibration

[H_C_E]

The most remarkable specimens have always presented obvious challenges to explanation in terms of time frame and sheer size.

Yup. Hoaxers haven't been able to pull off the highly
complex crop formations in enough time to prove they
would be able to get the job done between dusk and dawn.
At the time it took in many reproduction trials, they'd
have been busted by daylight.

Contrast this against many credible reports of people
reporting crop formations being done in very brief spans
of time. And they heard and saw nothing (except in a few
cases) and then found complex formations finished while they
were standing by all the while.

The idea that these things can occur doesn't require belief
that there are EBE's\ETI's Ultra-Terrestrials etc. All it asks
is that we have an open mind to the idea that there is still
a damn lot that we are clueless about regarding the world
we appear to live in. Scientists have teleported matter, found
the Higgs-Boson particle, discussed time travel as a possibility,
and seriously consider we might be living in a computer simulation.
And a crop formation is considered far out?

[barracuda]

Yup. Hoaxers haven't been able to pull off the highly
complex crop formations in enough time to prove they
would be able to get the job done between dusk and dawn.
At the time it took in many reproduction trials, they'd
have been busted by daylight.

Who would have busted them? Are there routinely passers-by in the middle of huge crop fields in Wiltshire? I admit I don't know the territory.

[Wombaticus Rex]

Indeed, what kind of exotic specimen would be patrolling crops let alone early in the morning? Is there any feasible explanation?

[barracuda]

I was thinking of witnesses it would be difficult to pay off. I sort of assume most of the farmers will sell part of their crop to circle makers, but I could be wrong. Maybe they have some sort of principles about only selling barley to certain people.

[seemslikeadream]

To date some 10,000 crop circles have been catalogued worldwide, and their anomalous features continue to be irreplecatable: plants bent an inch above soil and gently laid down in geometrically-precise patterns with no physical signs of damage, altered cellular structure and soil chemistry, discrepancies in background radiation, alteration of the local electromagnetic field, massive depletion of the watershed, and dowsable, long-lasting energy patterns, not to mention measured effects on the human biological field. So much, then, for two guys and a piece of wood.

10,000 circles and NO one caught in the act?

[slimmouse]

Doug, Dave and the planks with their planks strike me as a one size fits all explanation for crop circles, in exactly the same role as Al Quaeda performed WRT 9/11 and the War of Terror., or the "ignorant, lazy, trailer trash" people who borrowed beyond their means resulting in the financial crash -

When I saw Doug, or the other guy end an interview for sky news as the winner of the top 10 hoaxes of all times with a freemasonic handshake with the host, I couldnt wait to see an inevitable repeat of the programme. That was about 6 years ago, and Im still waiting.

Anyone who subscribes to that kind of mindless analysis should save their typing fingers for other forums. Not that I pretend to know what any of this crop circle stuff means. I just know what the real stuff isnt. And it wasn't Doug or Dave, or any of that palpable nonsense.

Thanks for your input SLAD. Intuitively speaking , that second article was particularly impressive.

[elfismiles]

The most remarkable specimens have always presented obvious challenges to explanation in terms of time frame and sheer size.

Yup. Hoaxers haven't been able to pull off the highly
complex crop formations in enough time to prove they
would be able to get the job done between dusk and dawn.
At the time it took in many reproduction trials, they'd
have been busted by daylight.

http://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLE70627B55ED8CCF2


https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rtkMrNrEMLM


https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9eh9q8gadas


https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xtk92hL8eIU


https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LV52u_XZFbY


https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hlWmmgfl7zs


https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=olprKTJuwG0

Levengood's crop circle science...

https://www.youtube.com/results?search_ ... +levengood

Crop circle - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crop_circle
A 780 ft (240 m) crop circle in the form of a double (six-sided) triskelion ..... to the crop field consistent with Levengood's observations of stunted seed growth.

Crop Circles: Nancy Talbott at BLT got it wrong and should admit it
www.colinandrews.net/Crop-Circles-BLT-Wrong.html
Aug 24, 2010 – He claims to have filmed proof that circle plants Levengood said showed good evidence of the genuine "crop circle making energy" were in fact ...

Crop circles enenrgy affects on plants
www.cropcirclesecrets.org/biophysical.html
Levengood's curiosity led him to investigate the possibility of molecular changes in crop circle plants. After thousands of hours of field work and laboratory ...

TonyRogers.com | Biophysicist W. C. Levengood's Crop Circle Reports
www.tonyrogers.com/news/levengood_crop_circles.htm
May 28, 2004 – Grass Lake, Michigan - Biophysicist W. C. Levengood is convinced that whatever causes the crop circle phenomenon uses a ...

ICCRA - W.C. Levengood's USA Crop Circle Research Reports:
www.iccra.org/levengood/usa.htm
Jan 25, 2009 – W.C. Levengood in the 1996 Paulding, OH crop circle formation. Since 1954, biophysicist W.C. Levengood has authored or co-authored a ...

Dr William Levengood is a FAKE heres the proof why .

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HZo--VZg_dU

Uploaded on Sep 29, 2010

Dr Levengood is not a Doctor - he faked his credential along with professor Michael Glickman. Heres the research which led up to this cited from its source Kevin Randle UFO researcher who found out Levengoods rogue nuaghtiness. Now based on this should we really take anything Levengood has to say seriously. The man is lying about his Dr title and this should seriously call into question anything he says or atleast not listen to him unless other scientists can replicate his reults or take him seriously. So far NO OTHER lab anywhere in the world has duplicated his results nor taken him seriously. So what does that tell you. We smell a rat. Nancy Talbott should rethink her whole 15 years of prclaimation based nonsense research based on this alarming fact that her original source of information for crop circle "science" was a fraudster. And they call us HOAXERS. Sheesh!

... and now ...

Snow Circles
https://www.google.com/search?hl=en&saf ... ow+circles
https://www.youtube.com/results?hl=en&s ... %20circles

[seemslikeadream]

I would like to stay in the mystery...it is beautiful to live in the mysterious world... we don't have to explain everything, we don't have to define everything.. so for me it is a mystery and I enjoy living in the mystery... you don't have to believe, you also don't have to disbelieve, belief is a difficult word for me.... I don't believe in anything because believing means closing a door... I keep my heart open my mind open, I live in the mystery and what I experience, what I know, I enjoy it.... I also enjoy not knowing.... you don't have to know everything
-- Satish Kumar

Thanks elf
Do you hear that?


What's that SOUND?
What a field-day for the heat!
NOBODY RIGHT WHEN EVERYBODY'S WRONG
Paranoia strikes deep
Into your life it will creep

[slimmouse]

I'd like to thank Elfi for those vids.

I watched them all, and it's made me reassimilate a lot of my thinking on the issue, which is never a bad thing .

[brainpanhandler]

Can someone please explain to me why CROP circles? Why not sand circles? Or meadow circles? Or forest circles? Or snow circles? or prairie circles?

I think we all agree that at least some crop circles are man made. Is it just a coincidence that these circles/patterns happen to be made in a medium (crop fields) that relative to all the other mediums they might be made in are logistically optimum for being made by humans with the least amount of trace evidence?

[jlaw172364]

I'd like to point out that calling this phenomenon "crop circles" is inaccurate because many of the designs aren't circular at all. I saw a special on TV once, and they literally flashed fifty or so designs. The designs got progressively more intricate, and departed from the circular motif, almost as if the technology used to make them had gotten more sophisticated.

The common theme is higher-order mathematics, as expressed geometrically in two dimensions. Of course, there may be even more information encoded on a third, or even fourth dimension. If you had forensic tools sophisticated enough to analyze the patterns right after they were created, you might spot additional information in the variability of the height of the depressed vegetation, or in the order it was made. But that may be a stretch, although it makes for interesting speculation.

I suspect. supernatural or alien explanations aside, there may be some sort of satelite-based platform that some agency is playing around with. Making these patterns may be part of a routine for testing the device to ensure that it is functioning properly . . . before it has to be used in an operational capacity.

The patterns look like something a computer program would generate if some nifty mathematics were plugged into it by a math nerd. Nothing I saw on the program resembled anything that I hadn't already seen in my math books up to the Calculus level.

Another possibility is that some math nerd somewhere is hacking the satelite platform as a prank, and is leaving these things as a calling card. But that would be hoping for too much. Or maybe the math nerd works for the government agency, and occasionally leaves these things to piss off the higher ups. But there are so many of them, that I would think an unauthorized use would have winkled out by the various overlapping groups of watchdogs.

So most likely, it is the government testing some piece of equipment periodically to ensure that it works the way it is supposed to.

[barracuda]

Can someone please explain to me why CROP circles? Why not sand circles? Or meadow circles? Or forest circles? Or snow circles? or prairie circles?

Well, there is the Oregon Sri Yantra, which is a desert formation.

[barracuda]

- 90% of all crop circles have been located in southern England.
- The vast majority of circles are likely human-made.
- Many farmers probably allow the circle makers to work, and participate in the farce.
- It's a good guess that virtually any fractal or Julia set-type circle is a human-made circle.
- It would seem that many of the anomalies associated with genuine circles can be found in clearly hoaxed circles as well.
- Crop circles have become a source of income for many people.



- There are genuine examples of the phenomenon.
- Some of those may arise spontaneously.
- But even human-made examples may be genuine.

Examination of one of the most famous formations to be proclaimed authentic may be useful.

Stonehenge Formation T 444
This is truly the most spectacular formation to have ever appeared (see Fig. 2, pg.
1). It is awe inspiring, not only in symmetry and precision but in the circumstances of
its arrival. It was found on Sunday, the 7th of July. Light aircraft pilot Rod Taylor of
Weyhill near Andover, Hampshire was flying a passenger over Stonehenge at 5:30
PM. The pattern was not there. They were looking intently at the dramatic scene of
Stonehenge and its surroundings and are certain they could not have missed it had
it been there. At 6:15 PM the passenger was driving past Stonehenge from
Thruxton airfield on his way home (Correction Note #1). He looked out his window
and saw it to his left.

Following two full weeks of investigation it seems certain that this pattern did appear
during a 45 minute period, in full daylight and on a very busy major highway, the
A303 London to Exeter Road. I have received the full cooperation of the Ministry of
Defense at the top secret air base of Boscome Down, the county Police
headquarters in Wiltshire and Hampshire counties and the English Heritage security
services at Stonehenge. Nothing unusual was reported or seen by anyone.
Stonehenge, as a national monument is under 24-hour guard. Anyone who has
visited Stonehenge in the evenings when it is available for special event entrance
knows the diligence of the security team. It is highly unlikely that they would have
missed any evidence of the formation’s construction.

The pattern is the spiraling Julia set, a mathematical construct representing a
collection of points expanding at approximately the same rate, as described in fractal
chaos theory. The formation consists of 151 circles set out in a pattern 920 feet long
and 500 feet across. The largest circle is 50 feet in diameter, the smallest is 1 foot 2
inches.

The National Farmers Union (NFU) has offered a 1000 pound reward for the first
prosecution of hoaxers caught making crop circles in England. I appeared in a
heated debate on Meridian Television (southern England) on Friday the 19th of July
with the president of the NFU. I challenged the NFU to fully represent the farmers by
looking at the overwhelming evidence that something beyond human feet is involved,
and to fund a scientific investigation after looking at the database CPR has
gathered. CPR and the NFU are united in the desire to bring nuisance copy cat
hoaxers to justice.

Even the most hardened skeptics have been impressed by the video photographs
CPR authorized the British media to transmit this past week. These amazing
photographs were taken from a helicopter just after the formation was discovered
and before the damage was done by the many thousands of people who blocked
roads to the henge after the first television reports went out.

The farmer, Mr. Philip Sandell, of Pikes Cottage, West Amesbury, was initially very
dismayed to find this formation in his field. When I talked with him on July 7th he was
upset, wondering how he could keep all the tourists at Stonehenge off of his
property. On realizing that he couldn't, Mr. Sandell allowed entrance, charging a two
pound admission fee. Consequently many people have had the enjoyment of being
inside this formation and the farmer has not lost his crop profits. This is certainly the
most visited site in England, ever. For those who made donations to the air
surveillance, you will not be disappointed. I was fortunate to have obtained the only
photograph of the undamaged, pristine formation with Stonehenge in the frame. For
me, it was the shot of a lifetime!

One last aside. I received a letter in my office shortly before leaving Connecticut
from a psychic who said she was being told that we would have a dramatic
demonstration around the 6th or 7th of July. When I return to the US I will contact
her to see if the details of her experience can be shared.

“In April this spring of 2009, I had been giving a talk at Alton College in Hampshire. Shortly after that a friend telephoned me to say that a friend of hers had been in a taxi and had mentioned to the taxi driver that she had just been to a fascinating talk on Crop Circles. M, the taxi driver said “ I saw one appear opposite Stonehenge”. Thinking she meant this year, my friend telephoned me but after making extensive enquiries, I realised that here was no circle anywhere near Stonehenge. I was given M’s telephone number and told her what I had heard. “O dear me, no, it was years ago.” I mentioned that only two formations had appeared close to or opposite Stonehenge, 2002 and 1996. “It was 1996 as my son who was in the army was on holiday and I was driving down to see him.”

“I eventually managed to arrange a mutually convenient date to meet M and get her story down on tape."

“M and Tim (her son's friend) were driving to Somerset in July 1996 to see her son who was in the army and driving down the hill towards Stonehenge she saw a lot of cars pulled in on the grass verge on the A303 opposite the stones. She mentioned that when people see maybe two cars or more pulled in and looking down into the field, other cars stop and gradually the traffic builds up and more and more cars draw in to have a look."

“As she drew nearer Tim said, "Mrs M there's a corn circle there".

“A car drew out and she managed to pull into the empty space and got out and joined the crowd of other people who were also watching what was happening. "There was an apparition, an isolated mist over it and as the circle was getting bigger the mist was rising above the circle. As the mist rose it got bigger and corn circle got bigger."

“There was a mist was about 2-3 feet off the ground and it was sort of spinning around and on the ground a circular shape was appearing which seemed to get bigger and bigger as simultaneously the mist get bigger and bigger and swirled faster."

"It was gradual and you are standing there and you are thinking what is going on and everyone is discussing it and more and more traffic is building up and everything and you just think that all the time you don't really realise what is happening and then you think then that's it and the thing is getting bigger and you are thinking of the beginning and end. But you don't realise what you are looking at. I didn’t understand what was happening."

"The mist wasn't anything from the ground as there was a clear space between the ground and the mist. There was no wind and no dust (she is an asthmatic). It was strangest thing I have ever seen. It was a calm summer’s day.”

“When I asked her how long she stayed looking at the event, she said it was hard to say, but maybe 20 minutes or so, but she couldn’t say as she had lost track of the time as she could not believe what she was seeing. The mist was still there when she left but whether the formation was still expanding she couldn't say."

“What colour was the mist? “Well it wasn’t brown or blue or pink; it wasn’t coming off the ground. And it didn’t go far up into the sky”.
Did you feel strange? “I felt My God what is going on, look what’s happening, are we going to see a leprechaun or the men for Mars or a Sputnik in a minute or something.”

“When I asked M which date it had appeared she thought a bit and then took my pad and wrote Sunday 7 July1996. She said she remembered this particularly as being a Sunday she was driving against the traffic."

“Why haven’t you heard about this before? There were so many people watching what was happening, not just me. Why didn’t the other people talk about it?”

“Indeed it was only by chance that I got to hear about it some thirteen years after it happened due to a passenger in M’s car who had been to my lecture!"

“M hadn’t mentioned it herself except to her family and friends."

“On leaving M, I was puzzled by the time element of approx 20 minutes. I could not budge M on this; she was adamant and insisted that that was what she had witnessed and nothing I could say would make change her mind. As all the other reliable reports I have had of people witnessing crop circles appearing, they have all quite independently mentioned that the circle took between 4 and 20 seconds to happen. So why had this one taken so long? Was it due to the fact the other circles had just been small single circles whereas this one was large and complex?"

“I made several enquiries and I understand that it is generally accepted that as a result of work conducted in the 1990’s, it is possible to calculate the time a formation takes to appear based on the size and number of circles. The method relates to the earth’s gravitational and magnetic fields. This predicts a velocity of the resulting vortex filament of some 10ft/sec. The filament propagates not unlike a solar flare, repeatedly looping through the earth’s surface `embroidering` a gradually evolving pattern. To create the 151 circles in the 915.2 x 508 ft pattern would take of the order of 20-25 minutes to create."
“The descending force emits an electrical discharge which releases bubbles from the underground aquifers which rise up through the surface of the ground and patterns are formed. The anchor point of the force is always off centre."

This aspect as been observed many times over the years in certain complex crop circles.

“These patterns develop like `embroidery`, half about the ground and half under the ground in a sort of looping manner.

There is significantly less pressure inside than outside, therefore there is a sort of sucking motion from inside which bends or `sucks down` the crop at the base.

“The mist would appear to be as a result of cool water vapour rising from the aquifer (underground spring) beneath and behaves in a manner similar to what happens in the lab when electrical discharges are created through water and different patterns emerge on the surface. Mist forms a little distance from the triggering point, which would support what occurred in this case, M could see the circle growing. It is when the hydrogen atoms re-combine that all this happens as it draws in ambient energy. This is where the excess energy appears from. As for height, it would be no higher than the radius of the formation created and the mist cloud would grow as the formation grew."

“However the more complex patterns have additional information contained in the sphere and who or what presses the button to make these is not within our present knowledge or understanding."

“Indeed not only does it appear that M was correct is every aspect but it also corroborates the report by the pilot, the guard at Stonehenge and the gamekeeper. A truly remarkable event.”