Can Plants Think?

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Re: Can Plants Think?

Postby Kristine Rosemary » Fri Dec 27, 2013 8:48 pm

seemslikeadream » Fri Dec 27, 2013 3:31 pm wrote:I have a philodendron that I have taken care of since 1979.....we communicate



May your friendship live long and prosper!
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Re: Can Plants Think?

Postby Saurian Tail » Tue Jan 14, 2014 12:28 am

Here is an obscure passage that directly addresses the "life subsists on life" discussion and points towards the philosophical and metaphysical underpinnings of the vegetarian diet.

Excerpt from:
THE KARMIC LAW OF THE VEGETABLE DIET
by Baba Sawan Singh

And so, in our world, life is everywhere destroying life. In such a world where one creature is eating up another, it is impossible to expect either justice or peace of mind. (There is no rest or security anymore.) Therefore, when the ancient sages found that in this world creatures were destroying each other, they decided it was better to give up the world. They found that in such a world there could be no peace of mind, and it was impossible to attain bliss until and unless the soul breaks away from the bonds which have kept it enchained; and that it was folly to regard the pleasures of this world as a means to happiness, because they lead to hell and further bind the soul with Karma and dirt.

They determined that it was impossible to find peace of mind in any worldly object, and that happiness lies within man himself and that ocean of which he is a drop. Therefore, the Sages thought, as long as they were confined in the prison of this world, they would adopt the course which was the least harmful; they would subsist on creatures the killing of which was the least sinful. They discovered that all living beings of this world could be divided into classes as regards the composition of their bodies and the number of elements they contain. By elements they did not mean the ninety or so elements discovered by modern scientists, but the main conditions or divisions of matter.

There are five such classes of substances. According to their classification, under class one, came all of those creatures in whom all five of these substances are active, that is, man. In the next class came those in which only four substances are active and one dormant, and that is quadrupeds. In them there is no sense of discrimination, because in them the Akash Tattwa is dormant. In the third class fell creatures in which only three substances are active, namely air, water, and fire. They are birds. They lack earth and Akash. The fourth class is made up of insects, in which only two substances are active, air and fire. Then comes the last class, the fifth, in which only one element or substance is active, that is, the vegetable world. In them, water is the only active element. Experts have proved that, in many vegetables, there is as much as ninety-five percent water. When the creatures of the other four classes are killed or injured, they cry out in pain, but not so the vegetables, though they have life. So the Sages concluded that the eating of vegetables was the least sinful, (the least burdened with karma). Although the eating of vegetables produced some karma, yet it was of a light nature, which could be easily worked off by spiritual exercises. They thus chose the course of least resistance, and so abstained from the killing of other forms of life.

- pages 16-18

http://www.ruhanisatsangusa.org/pdf/Veg ... t-2010.pdf



My understanding is that making deep spiritual progress through contemplation and meditation is an incredibly subtle undertaking ... and that actions that make the undertaking more difficult are to be be avoided. So these people, who spent so much time in contemplation, found that doing the least possible harm to living beings made their inner journey more fruitful.

Consider also that the negative emotions of anger, lust, envy, pride, etc all make it much more difficult to still the mind and go within. While the positive emotions of love, joy, peace, appreciation, and so on are all an aid to progress. This is a dynamic, living, personal ethic. It's not a matter of someone "making the case" for this or that action ... we have our own internal guidance system available.
"Taking it in its deepest sense, the shadow is the invisible saurian tail that man still drags behind him." -Carl Jung
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Re: Can Plants Think?

Postby elfismiles » Fri Jul 01, 2016 9:27 am

Cleve Backster Plant
search.php?keywords=cleve+backster+plant

Daily news
30 June 2016
Wonder what your plants are ‘saying’? Device lets you listen in
By Penny Sarchet

I’m concentrating at my computer when my peace lily lets out a wail. It’s a wavering electric howl that finishes as abruptly as it began. But what does it mean?

Nigel Wallbridge doesn’t know, but he wants to find out. He’s a co-founder of Vivent, the company whose device is giving my peace lily an electronic voice. His hope is that this new way of tracking plant activity will help us to understand and manage them better.

The device, called PhytlSigns, measures voltage in plants using two electrodes, one inserted into the soil and the other attached to a leaf or stem. When the speaker squeals, it means the voltage is changing: the higher the wail, the faster the change.


More here
https://www.newscientist.com/article/20 ... listen-in/
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Re: Can Plants Think?

Postby cptmarginal » Fri Jul 05, 2019 1:34 pm

Group of biologists tries to bury the idea that plants are conscious - 3 July 2019

Writing in the journal Trends in Plant Science, where plant neurobiology made its debut in 2006, Lincoln Taiz, a botanist at the University of California, Santa Cruz, and seven like-minded researchers state: “There is no evidence that plants require, and thus have evolved, energy-expensive mental faculties, such as consciousness, feelings, and intentionality, to survive or to reproduce.”

Taiz told the Guardian: “Our criticism of the plant neurobiologists is they have failed to consider the importance of brain organisation, complexity and specialisation for the phenomenon of consciousness.”

The broadside drew a robust response from the University of Sydney’s Monica Gagliano, who conducts research on the cognitive abilities of plants, including perception, learning, memory and consciousness. She said the criticisms failed to take account of all the evidence and focused only on work that supported the authors’ viewpoint. “For me, the process of generating knowledge through rigorous science is about understanding the evidence base behind a claim,” she said. “Where is their experimental data? Or are we expected to just accept their claim at face value?”

Taiz draws on work by the US researchers Todd Feinberg and Jon Mallatt, who explore the origins of consciousness by comparing simple and more complex brains in animals. They conclude that while animals ranging from insects and crabs to cats and monkeys have sufficient brains to be conscious, other organisms fail the test. Those organisms include plants, Taiz argues.

The debate is shaping up to be the biggest botanical bunfight since the Romantic era when plant biologists argued for more than a century about sex in plants. As the purists argued nothing so obscene would be happening in flower beds, extremists on the sex side envisioned plants not only having sex but being full of lust and passion.
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Re: Can Plants Think?

Postby streeb » Fri Jul 05, 2019 2:36 pm

A delightful interview with Monica Gagliano, referenced above

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Re: Can Plants Think?

Postby cptmarginal » Fri Jul 05, 2019 10:36 pm

This is probably one of the few places online that you'll find so many fans of Gordon White's work... I haven't been keeping up with every episode of his podcast but will start this one tonight. I like his appearances on Aeon Byte as well, and have been meaning to listen to the recent anniversary episode with him and Chris Knowles of the Secret Sun.

It's sort of an encapsulation of "rigorous intuition" that this forum has had at least two Aeon Byte Gnostic Radio guests as members, while at the same time another member is a recurring Opperman Report guest. Two very different podcasts, which is why I find it remarkable that a common ground between the listeners of both shows could be found here. The synthesis of perspectives performed by Jeff Wells in creating his blog continues to resonate with people who discover the book or the old site, and it feels just as natural to post your research about politics or the horrors of humanity here as it does to hold a wide-ranging and controversial discussion about ritual magic or the origins of Christianity.

(not to mention also the multiple fantastic published authors that have posted here, or the musicians...)

Reminder: Most users ever online was 403 on Wed Sep 06, 2017 12:06 pm

Things have slowed down a lot of times because many of us have not been posting as much, but what did anyone expect over such a long time? You can see from the explosion of interest in the forum post-Trump that people are looking for answers on controversial issues. That day with 403 guests online was just one of many like it in that period, and in the midst of repeated complaints that the forum had become a "ghost town."

Not to go completely off-topic or anything :angelwings:
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Re: Can Plants Think?

Postby Grizzly » Sun Jul 07, 2019 6:17 pm

I doubt plants can think in terms we can understand (at least) but they can and will be offensive and even kill to defend themselves: I tried to find the documentary I watched recently about plants releasing a chemical to kill of herds of some kind of mammals I forget what kind at the moment (perhaps the reason I can't find it) antelope or something...

Anyway ...
“The more we do to you, the less you seem to believe we are doing it.”

― Joseph mengele
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Re: Can Plants Think?

Postby Elvis » Sun Jul 07, 2019 10:19 pm

streeb wrote:A delightful interview with Monica Gagliano, referenced above


Streeb, thanks for posting the video, I've watched half so far, it's brilliant. :sun:
“The purpose of studying economics is not to acquire a set of ready-made answers to economic questions, but to learn how to avoid being deceived by economists.” ― Joan Robinson
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Re: Can Plants Think?

Postby Pele'sDaughter » Mon Jul 08, 2019 7:52 am

Grizzly » Sun Jul 07, 2019 5:17 pm wrote:I doubt plants can think in terms we can understand (at least) but they can and will be offensive and even kill to defend themselves: I tried to find the documentary I watched recently about plants releasing a chemical to kill of herds of some kind of mammals I forget what kind at the moment (perhaps the reason I can't find it) antelope or something...

Anyway ...


It's Acacia.

https://www.gardensmart.tv/?p=articles& ... ing_Desert
Don't believe anything they say.
And at the same time,
Don't believe that they say anything without a reason.
---Immanuel Kant
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Re: Can Plants Think?

Postby Harvey » Mon Jul 08, 2019 8:20 am

And conversely, plants regularly synthesise complex chemical compounds extremely beneficial to surrounding animal species, sometimes even remedies for specific locally occuring disease etc. Can't find the specific references now but will post as soon as I find them.
And while we spoke of many things, fools and kings
This he said to me
"The greatest thing
You'll ever learn
Is just to love
And be loved
In return"


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Re: Can Plants Think?

Postby PufPuf93 » Mon Jul 08, 2019 10:47 am

Harvey » Mon Jul 08, 2019 5:20 am wrote:And conversely, plants regularly synthesise complex chemical compounds extremely beneficial to surrounding animal species, sometimes even remedies for specific locally occuring disease etc. Can't find the specific references now but will post as soon as I find them.


Many plants exhibit allelopathy which is a biological phenomenon by which an organism produces one or more biochemicals that influence the growth, survival, and reproduction of other organisms. These biochemicals are known as allelochemicals and can have beneficial (positive allelopathy) or detrimental (negative allelopathy) effects on the target organisms. For example Eucalypts and Rhododendrons change the nature of the soil to exclude other plants and are not subject to browsing by most (not all) animal species.

Alternately mycorrhizal fungi associations are ubiquitous and may be beneficially symbiotic or pathogenic. Fungi just may be conscious or may be the consciousness path of plants.
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Re: Can Plants Think?

Postby Harvey » Mon Jul 08, 2019 6:58 pm

Certainly worth posting this again. A member of the Sheldrake clan talks to Robert Macfarlane:


https://www.newyorker.com/tech/annals-o ... d-wide-web

The Wood Wide Web

Epping Forest is a heavily regulated place. First designated as a royal hunting ground by Henry II in the twelfth century, with severe penalties imposed on commoners for poaching, it has since 1878 been managed by the City of London Corporation, which governs behavior within its bounds using forty-eight bylaws. The forest is today almost completely contained within the M25, the notorious orbital motorway that encircles outer London. Minor roads crisscross it, and it is rarely more than four kilometres wide. Several of its hundred or so lakes and ponds are former blast holes of the V1 “doodlebug” rockets flung at London in 1944. Yet the miraculous fact of Epping’s existence remains: almost six thousand acres of trees, heath, pasture, and waterways, just outside the city limits, its grassland still grazed by the cattle of local commoners, and adders still basking in its glades. Despite its mixed-amenity use—from golf to mountain biking—it retains a greenwood magic.

Earlier this summer I spent two days there, wandering and talking with a young plant scientist named Merlin Sheldrake. Sheldrake is an expert in mycorrhizal fungi, and as such he is part of a research revolution that is changing the way we think about forests. For centuries, fungi were widely held to be harmful to plants, parasites that cause disease and dysfunction. More recently, it has become understood that certain kinds of common fungi exist in subtle symbiosis with plants, bringing about not infection but connection. These fungi send out gossamer-fine fungal tubes called hyphae, which infiltrate the soil and weave into the tips of plant roots at a cellular level. Roots and fungi combine to form what is called a mycorrhiza: itself a growing-together of the Greek words for fungus (mykós) and root (riza). In this way, individual plants are joined to one another by an underground hyphal network: a dazzlingly complex and collaborative structure that has become known as the Wood Wide Web.

The relationship between these mycorrhizal fungi and the plants they connect is now known to be ancient (around four hundred and fifty million years old) and largely one of mutualism—a subset of symbiosis in which both organisms benefit from their association. In the case of the mycorrhizae, the fungi siphon off food from the trees, taking some of the carbon-rich sugar that they produce during photosynthesis. The plants, in turn, obtain nutrients such as phosphorus and nitrogen that the fungi have acquired from the soil, by means of enzymes that the trees do not possess.

The implications of the Wood Wide Web far exceed this basic exchange of goods between plant and fungi, however. The fungal network also allows plants to distribute resources—sugar, nitrogen, and phosphorus—between one another. A dying tree might divest itself of its resources to the benefit of the community, for example, or a young seedling in a heavily shaded understory might be supported with extra resources by its stronger neighbors. Even more remarkably, the network also allows plants to send one another warnings. A plant under attack from aphids can indicate to a nearby plant that it should raise its defensive response before the aphids reach it. It has been known for some time that plants communicate above ground in comparable ways, by means of airborne hormones. But such warnings are more precise in terms of source and recipient when sent by means of the myco-net.

The revelation of the Wood Wide Web’s existence, and the increased understanding of its functions, raises big questions—about where species begin and end; about whether a forest might be better imagined as a single superorganism, rather than a grouping of independent individualistic ones; and about what trading, sharing, or even friendship might mean among plants. “Whenever I need to explain my research to someone quickly, I just tell them I work on the social networks of plants,” Sheldrake told me.

Sheldrake is twenty-eight years old and tall, with a tight head of dark curls. When we met, he was wearing a blue paisley-pattern neckerchief, a collarless woollen jacket, and a khaki canvas rucksack with gleaming brass buckles. He resembled a Victorian plant hunter, ready for the jungle. In addition to his academic pursuits, Sheldrake plays accordion in a band called the Gentle Mystics, whose tracks include a trance epic called “Mushroom 30,000,” and whose musical style might best be described as myco-klezmer-hip-hop-electro-burlesque. Once heard, bewildered. Twice heard, hooked.

As an undergraduate studying natural sciences at Cambridge, in the late aughts, Sheldrake read the 1988 paper “Mycorrhizal Links Between Plants: Their Functioning and Ecological Significance,” by the plant scientist E. I. Newman, in which Newman argued boldly for the existence of a “mycelial network” linking plants. “If this phenomenon is widespread,” Newman wrote, “it could have profound implications for the functioning of ecosystems.”

Those implications fascinated Sheldrake. He had long loved fungi, which seemed to him possessed of superpowers. He knew that they could turn rocks to rubble, move with eerie swiftness both above ground and under it, reproduce horizontally, and digest food outside their bodies via excreted enzymes. He was aware that their toxins could kill people, and that their psychoactive chemicals could induce hallucinogenic states. After reading Newman’s paper, he understood that fungi could also allow plants to communicate with one another.

“All of these trees will have mycorrhizal fungi growing into their roots,” Sheldrake said, gesturing at the beech and hornbeam through which we were walking. “You could imagine the fungi themselves as forming a massive underground tree, or as a cobweb of fine filaments, acting as a sort of prosthesis to the trees, a further root system, extending outwards into the soil, acquiring nutrients and floating them back to the plants, as the plants fix carbon in their leaves and send sugar to their roots, and out into the fungi. And this is all happening right under our feet.”

We reached a broad clearing in which hundreds of bright-green beech seedlings were flourishing, each a few centimetres high, drawn by the ready light. Sheldrake knelt down and brushed away leaves to reveal a patch of soil the size of a dinner plate. He pinched up some of the earth and rubbed it between his fingers: rich, dark humus. “Soil is fantastically difficult stuff to work with experimentally, and the hyphae are on the whole too thin to see,” he said. “You can put rhizotrons into the ground to look at root growth—but those don’t really give you the fungi because they are too fine. You can do below-ground laser scanning, but again that is too crude for the fungal networks.”

Gleaming yellow-brown spiders and bronze beetles battled over the leaves. “Hyphae will be growing around in the decomposing matter of this half-rotting leaf, those rotting logs, and those rotting twigs, and then you’ll have the mycorrhizal fungi whose hyphae grow into hotspots,” Sheldrake said, pointing around the glade. In addition to penetrating the tree roots, the hyphae also interpenetrate each other—mycorrhizal fungi on the whole don’t have divisions between their cells. “This interpenetration permits the wildly promiscuous horizontal transfer of genetic material: fungi don’t have to have sex to pass things on,” Sheldrake explained. I tried to imagine the soil as transparent, such that I could peer down into this subterranean infrastructure, those spectral fungal skeins suspended between the tapering tree roots, creating a network at least as intricate as the cables and optical fibres beneath our cities. I once heard the writer China Miéville use a particular phrase for the realm of fungi: “The kingdom of the gray.” It captured their otherness: the challenges fungi issued to our usual models of time, space, scale, and species. “You look at the network,” Sheldrake said. “And then it starts to look back at you.”

The relationship between mycorrhizal fungi and the plants they connect is now known to be ancient—around four hundred and fifty million years old. Illustration by Enzo Pérès-Labourdette Illustration by Enzo Pérès-Labourdette

After two hours we ran out of forest, rebounded off the M25, hopped a barbed-wire fence, and came to rest in a field that looked as if it belonged to a private landowner. We weren’t lost, exactly, but we did need to know where the forest widened again. I pulled up the hybrid map of Epping on my phone, and a blue dot pulsed our location. The forest flared green to the southwest, so that was where we headed, crossing a busy road and then pushing deeper into the trees until we could hardly hear car noise.

When Sheldrake began his Ph.D., in 2011, there was no single figure at Cambridge with an expertise in symbiosis and mycorrhizae, so he contacted researchers he admired at other institutions, until he had established what he calls a “network of subject godparents—some in Sweden, in Germany, in Panama, in America, in England, where I was beholden to none, but part of their extended families.” In the second year of his doctorate, Sheldrake went to the Central American jungle for field work: to Barro Colorado Island, located in the man-made Gatun Lake, in the Panama Canal. There he joined a community of field scientists, overseen by a grizzled American evolutionary biologist named Egbert Giles Leigh, Jr.

Some of the science undertaken on the island was what might be called methodologically high-risk. One young American scientist, researching what Sheldrake called the “drunken-monkey hypothesis,” was attempting to collect monkey urine, after the monkeys had feasted on fermenting fruit, and assess it for intoxication levels. Sheldrake faced his own research frustrations. Much of his early work involved him taking spore samples back to the lab for scrutiny, and he became uncomfortable with how so much of what he dealt with in the lab was “absolutely dead, boiled, fixed, embalmed.” He longed for more direct contact with the fungi he was studying. One afternoon, he was examining mycorrhizal spores under a microscope, when it occurred to him that they looked just like caviar. After hours of cleaning and sifting, he had enough to pile, with a pair of tweezers, onto a tiny fragment of biscuit, which he then ate. “They’re really good for you, spores, full of all these lipids,” he said. On occasion he has cut them into lines and snorted them.

During his second season on the island, Sheldrake became interested in a type of plants called mycoheterotrophs, or “mycohets” for short. Mycohets are plants that lack chlorophyll, and thus are unable to photosynthesize, making them entirely reliant on the fungal network for their provision of carbon. “These little green-less plants plug into the network, and somehow derive everything from it without paying anything back, at least in the usual coin,” Sheldrake said. “They don’t play by the normal rules of symbiosis, but we can’t prove they’re parasites.” Sheldrake focussed on a genus of mycohets called Voyria, part of the gentian family, the flowers of which studded the jungle floor on Barro Colorado Island like pale purple stars.

A central debate over the Wood Wide Web concerns the language used to describe the transactions it enables, which suggest two competing visions of the network: the socialist forest, in which trees act as caregivers to one another, with the well-off supporting the needy, and the capitalist forest, in which all entities are acting out of self-interest within a competitive system. Sheldrake was especially exasperated by what he called the “super-neoliberal capitalist” discourse of the biological free market. One of the reasons Sheldrake loved the Voyria, he explained, is that they were harder to understand, mysterious: “They are the hackers of the Wood Wide Web.”

Working with local field assistants on the island —“the best botanists ever”—Sheldrake carried out a painstaking census of the soil in a series of plots, sequencing the DNA of hundreds of root samples taken both from green plants and the Voyria. This allowed him to determine which species of fungi were connecting which plants, and thereby to make an unprecedentedly detailed map of the jungle’s social network. Sheldrake got out his phone and pulled up an image of the map on his screen. The intricacy of relation it represented reminded me of attempts I had seen to map the global Internet: a firework display of meshing lines and colors.

We stopped to eat in a dry part of the forest, on rising ground amid old pines. Sheldrake had brought two mangoes and a spinach tart. He drank beer, I drank water, and the pine roots snaked and interlaced around us. He told me about the home laboratory he runs on his kitchen table, and the microbrewery he runs in his garden shed. He has brewed mead from honey, as well as cider from the apples of Newton’s apple tree, at Trinity College, Cambridge (batch name: Gravity), and from the apples of Darwin’s orchard at Down House (batch name: Evolution).

Later in the day we came to a lake, where a hard-packed mud bank sloped down into shallow water. Carp burped in the shadows. Moorhen bickered. The lake bed belched gas bubbles. Sheldrake and I sat facing the setting sun, and he explained how, for each formal scientific paper he published about mycorrhizae, he planned also to publish the paper’s “dark twin,” in which he would describe the “messy network of crazy things that underlies every piece of cool, clean science, but that you aren’t usually allowed to see—the fortunate accidents of field work, the tangential serendipitous observation that sets off a thought train, the boredom, the chance encounters.” Two dog-walkers interrupted our conversation, looking hopeful. “Do you know where the visitors’ center is?” one asked. “We’re lost.” “No, we’re lost, too,” I said, happily. We traded best guesses, exchanging what little information we had, and they wandered off.


Merlin on Accordion. :thumbsup



And while we spoke of many things, fools and kings
This he said to me
"The greatest thing
You'll ever learn
Is just to love
And be loved
In return"


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Re: Can Plants Think?

Postby PufPuf93 » Mon Jul 08, 2019 8:05 pm

The mycorrhizal fungi association with trees (actually most plants) was taught in Forest Science and Soil Science classes I took as an undergrad at Cal (US Berkeley) in the mid 1970s. While in Berkeley I worked at the US Forest Service Range and Experimental Station Regional Lab in forest ecology issues (growth and yield, reforestation, silviculture, genetics, insects, disease, wildlife, fire, soils, etc.) and the mycorrhizal fungi association with trees was a hot topic. By 1980 there as an operational mycorrhizal fungi dip for USFS tree planting to inoculate seedlings with "local", species specific, mycorrhiza.
Mycorrhizal fungi association with trees was also an important component of the USFS Silviculturist Certification Program (I attended 1981) in Region 5 (National Forests located in California). As District Silviculturist from 81-85 with a planting program of up to 1,500,000 seedlings per year, almost all seedlings were deliberately inoculated with favorable mycorrhiza before outplanting.

Edit to add: Sheldrake comes off as somewhat vain glory and romantic individual in that article for someone using the fungi operationally in the field more than a decade before his first published paper. Also there were excellent forest ecologists at Cal and in USFS researching mycorrhiza by the mid-70s..
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Re: Can Plants Think?

Postby Harvey » Tue Jul 09, 2019 2:29 am

Young and romantic is vainglory? It used to be enthusiasm... I'm sure you're right. What's odd is how so much of this isn't commonly and widely taught, perhaps why it seems so interesting and surprising when encountered. Did you ever write about your experiences in the forest services? Would be an interesting read...
And while we spoke of many things, fools and kings
This he said to me
"The greatest thing
You'll ever learn
Is just to love
And be loved
In return"


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Re: Can Plants Think?

Postby PufPuf93 » Tue Jul 09, 2019 12:35 pm

Harvey » Mon Jul 08, 2019 11:29 pm wrote:Young and romantic is vainglory? It used to be enthusiasm... I'm sure you're right. What's odd is how so much of this isn't commonly and widely taught, perhaps why it seems so interesting and surprising when encountered. Did you ever write about your experiences in the forest services? Would be an interesting read...


I was being a cranky geezer labeling Sheldrake romantic and vain glory. Sheldrake tells of fungi from a perspective that makes the important subject more interesting to many and deserves pops for that. Plus I am an individual that by habit pays attention to romanticized and slightly twisted takes on subjects.

Have written a fair amount about the USFS here at RI.

Here is a search of my posts that include USFS: search.php?st=0&sk=t&sd=d&sr=posts&keywords=usfs&author=pufpuf93&fid%5B%5D=8

Some examples (the first is about mychorrhiza):

viewtopic.php?f=8&t=26525&p=596841&hilit=usfs#p596841

Insects

viewtopic.php?f=8&t=40727&p=646076&hilit=usfs#p646076

Bears

viewtopic.php?f=8&t=24823&p=608174&hilit=usfs#p608174
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