by populistindependent » Sat Dec 15, 2007 3:29 pm
An interesting example of word replacement, or word substitution - avoiding the kwh terminology for the moment, which implies intention and focus - is in surnames. Until fairly recently immigrants to the US had a challenge - they needed last names. I thought of this because I am reading Rolvaag's classic novel - Giants in the Earth, the story of immigrants from a village in Norway set in the 1880's. They, the peasants, had no last names, and this was true in most places in Europe. The upper class had titles, of course.
Forcing people to have last names was always for the purpose of rulers indentifying and controlling the peasants, in my opinion, and to some extent has robbed us all of the ability to define and identify ourselves. The myth in America is that there is no peasantry and that there is this magical thing, the middle class, that is neither aristocracy nor peasantry. That disguises the fact that we are all peasants, and that most of us are descended from immigrants from small impoverished villages.
"Peasants with trinkets and pretensions and delusions" you might call us.
Look at the last names that people took or were assigned, just from England. The situation is similar with other nationalities. The last names came to identify people, but were words that already described something else, so we have one word meaning two different things. Notice how you keep the two meanings clear in your mind, and then compare that to how your mind handles the same situation when it happens with the modern phenomenon of brand names, movie titles and the like.
English surnames that also have another meaning, in these examples occupations:
Potter, Wheeler, Weaver, Barber, Cooper, Carter, Sawyer, Wagner, Carpenter, Archer, Farmer, Woodward, Cartwright, Cook, Smith, Miller, Taylor, Thatcher, Barker, Chapman, Clark, Parker, Fisher, Wainwright, Hunter, Turner, Mason, Butler, Baker, Hacker, Harper, Hawker, Whittier, Hooker, Gardner, Stewart, Brewer, Chandler, Fletcher, Fowler, Porter, Roper, Shepherd, Skinner, Tillman, Waller, Usher, Tucker, Webster, Hayward, Spencer, Tyler, Hooper, Keeler, Hacker, Fuller, Draper, Crocker.